Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for 6G Backscatter-Enabled NOMA IoV Networks

The integration of Ambient Backscatter Communication (AmBC) with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is expected to support connectivity of low-powered Internet-of-Vehicles (IoVs) in the upcoming Sixth-Generation (6G) transportation systems. This paper proposes an energy-efficient resource allocat...

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Published in	IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems Vol. 23; no. 7; pp. 9775 - 9785
Main Authors	Khan, Wali Ullah, Javed, Muhammad Awais, Nguyen, Tu N., Khan, Shafiullah, Elhalawany, Basem M.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	New York IEEE 01.07.2022 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects	6G mobile communication ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) Backscattering Benchmarks Decoding Dinkelbach method Energy efficiency imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) Internet of Vehicles Kuhn-Tucker method NOMA non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) Nonorthogonal multiple access Optimization Reliability Resource allocation Resource management Silicon carbide Transportation networks Transportation systems
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	1524-9050 1558-0016
DOI	10.1109/TITS.2021.3110942

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Abstract	The integration of Ambient Backscatter Communication (AmBC) with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is expected to support connectivity of low-powered Internet-of-Vehicles (IoVs) in the upcoming Sixth-Generation (6G) transportation systems. This paper proposes an energy-efficient resource allocation framework for the AmBC-enabled NOMA IoV network under imperfect Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) decoding. In particular, multiple Road-Side Units (RSUs) transmit superimposed signals to their associated IoVs utilizing downlink NOMA transmission. Meanwhile, the Backscatter Tags (BackTags) also transmit data symbols towards nearby IoVs by reflecting the superimposed signals of RSUs. Thus, the objective is to maximize the total energy efficiency of the NOMA IoV network subject to the minimum data rate of all IoVs. A joint problem that simultaneously optimizes the total power budget of each RSU, power allocation coefficient of IoVs and reflection power of BackTags under imperfect SIC decoding is formulated. A Dinkelbach approach is first adopted to transform the optimization problem and then the transformed problem is decoupled into two subproblems for optimal transmit power at RSUs and efficient reflection power at BackTags, respectively. To solve the problems efficiently, dual theory and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions are exploited, where the Lagrangian dual variables are iteratively calculated using the subgradient method. To check the performance of the proposed framework, a benchmark optimization without AmBC is also provided. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed AmBC-enabled NOMA IoV framework over the benchmark conventional IoV framework.
AbstractList	The integration of Ambient Backscatter Communication (AmBC) with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is expected to support connectivity of low-powered Internet-of-Vehicles (IoVs) in the upcoming Sixth-Generation (6G) transportation systems. This paper proposes an energy-efficient resource allocation framework for the AmBC-enabled NOMA IoV network under imperfect Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) decoding. In particular, multiple Road-Side Units (RSUs) transmit superimposed signals to their associated IoVs utilizing downlink NOMA transmission. Meanwhile, the Backscatter Tags (BackTags) also transmit data symbols towards nearby IoVs by reflecting the superimposed signals of RSUs. Thus, the objective is to maximize the total energy efficiency of the NOMA IoV network subject to the minimum data rate of all IoVs. A joint problem that simultaneously optimizes the total power budget of each RSU, power allocation coefficient of IoVs and reflection power of BackTags under imperfect SIC decoding is formulated. A Dinkelbach approach is first adopted to transform the optimization problem and then the transformed problem is decoupled into two subproblems for optimal transmit power at RSUs and efficient reflection power at BackTags, respectively. To solve the problems efficiently, dual theory and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions are exploited, where the Lagrangian dual variables are iteratively calculated using the subgradient method. To check the performance of the proposed framework, a benchmark optimization without AmBC is also provided. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed AmBC-enabled NOMA IoV framework over the benchmark conventional IoV framework.
Author	Nguyen, Tu N. Khan, Wali Ullah Elhalawany, Basem M. Khan, Shafiullah Javed, Muhammad Awais
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Wali Ullah orcidid: 0000-0003-1485-5141 surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Wali Ullah email: waliullahkhan30@gmail.com organization: Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg – sequence: 2 givenname: Muhammad Awais orcidid: 0000-0001-5816-097X surname: Javed fullname: Javed, Muhammad Awais email: awais.javed@comsats.edu.pk organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan – sequence: 3 givenname: Tu N. orcidid: 0000-0001-7184-4102 surname: Nguyen fullname: Nguyen, Tu N. email: tu.nguyen@kennesaw.edu organization: Department of Computer Science, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Shafiullah surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Shafiullah email: shafielectronics@icp.edu.pk organization: Department of Electronics, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan – sequence: 5 givenname: Basem M. orcidid: 0000-0002-5900-6541 surname: Elhalawany fullname: Elhalawany, Basem M. email: basem.mamdoh@feng.bu.edu.eg organization: College of Computer Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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SubjectTerms	6G mobile communication ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) Backscattering Benchmarks Decoding Dinkelbach method Energy efficiency imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) Internet of Vehicles Kuhn-Tucker method NOMA non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) Nonorthogonal multiple access Optimization Reliability Resource allocation Resource management Silicon carbide Transportation networks Transportation systems
Title	Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for 6G Backscatter-Enabled NOMA IoV Networks
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