3D Non-Stationary Channel Measurement and Analysis for MaMIMO-UAV Communications

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity in the communications research community because of their versatility in placement and potential to extend the functions of communication networks. However, there remains a gap in existing works regarding measurement-verified stationarity analys...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inIEEE transactions on vehicular technology Vol. 73; no. 5; pp. 6061 - 6072
Main Authors Colpaert, Achiel, Cui, Zhuangzhuang, Vinogradov, Evgenii, Pollin, Sofie
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published New York IEEE 01.05.2024
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects
Air-to-ground (A2G)
Antenna measurements
Antennas
Autonomous aerial vehicles
channel measurements
channel stationarity
Communication
Communication networks
Communications systems
Correlation
Drones
massive multi-input multi-output (MaMIMO) testbed
Measurement
Time domain analysis
Time-frequency analysis
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0018-9545
1939-9359
DOI10.1109/TVT.2023.3340447

Cover

Abstract Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity in the communications research community because of their versatility in placement and potential to extend the functions of communication networks. However, there remains a gap in existing works regarding measurement-verified stationarity analysis of the air-to-ground (A2G) Massive Multi-Input Multi-Output (MaMIMO) channel which plays an important role in realistic UAV deployment. In this article, we first design a UAV MaMIMO communication platform for channel acquisition. We then use the testbed to measure uplink Channel State Information (CSI) between a rotary-wing drone and a 64-element MaMIMO base station (BS). For characterization, we focus on multidimensional channel stationarity which is a fundamental metric in communication systems. Afterward, we present measurement results and analyze the channel statistics based on power delay profiles (PDPs) considering space, time, and frequency domains. We propose the stationary angle (SA) as a supplementary metric of stationary distance (SD) in the time domain. We analyze the coherence bandwidth and RMS delay spread for frequency stationarity. Finally, spatial correlations between elements are analyzed to indicate the spatial stationarity of the array. The space-time-frequency channel stationary characterization will benefit the physical layer design of MaMIMO-UAV communications.
AbstractList Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity in the communications research community because of their versatility in placement and potential to extend the functions of communication networks. However, there remains a gap in existing works regarding measurement-verified stationarity analysis of the air-to-ground (A2G) Massive Multi-Input Multi-Output (MaMIMO) channel which plays an important role in realistic UAV deployment. In this article, we first design a UAV MaMIMO communication platform for channel acquisition. We then use the testbed to measure uplink Channel State Information (CSI) between a rotary-wing drone and a 64-element MaMIMO base station (BS). For characterization, we focus on multidimensional channel stationarity which is a fundamental metric in communication systems. Afterward, we present measurement results and analyze the channel statistics based on power delay profiles (PDPs) considering space, time, and frequency domains. We propose the stationary angle (SA) as a supplementary metric of stationary distance (SD) in the time domain. We analyze the coherence bandwidth and RMS delay spread for frequency stationarity. Finally, spatial correlations between elements are analyzed to indicate the spatial stationarity of the array. The space-time-frequency channel stationary characterization will benefit the physical layer design of MaMIMO-UAV communications.
Author Colpaert, Achiel
Cui, Zhuangzhuang
Pollin, Sofie
Vinogradov, Evgenii
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Achiel
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1238-2002
  surname: Colpaert
  fullname: Colpaert, Achiel
  email: achiel.colpaert@imec.be
  organization: IMEC, Leuven, Belgium
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Zhuangzhuang
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1892-2276
  surname: Cui
  fullname: Cui, Zhuangzhuang
  email: zhuangzhuang.cui@kuleuven.be
  organization: WaveCoRE of the Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Evgenii
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4156-0317
  surname: Vinogradov
  fullname: Vinogradov, Evgenii
  email: evgenii.vinogradov@tii.ae
  organization: ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Sofie
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1470-2076
  surname: Pollin
  fullname: Pollin, Sofie
  email: sofie.pollin@kuleuven.be
  organization: WaveCoRE of the Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
BookMark eNp9kD1PwzAQhi1UJNrCzsAQiTnFn0k8VuWrUkORaLtaF8cRqRKn2MnQf09KOiAGptNJ7_Pq7pmgkW2sQeiW4BkhWD5sdpsZxZTNGOOY8_gCjYlkMpRMyBEaY0ySUAourtDE-32_ci7JGL2zx-CtseFHC23ZWHDHYPEJ1poqSA34zpna2DYAmwdzC9XRlz4oGhekkC7Tdbid74JFU9edLfVPgb9GlwVU3tyc5xRtn582i9dwtX5ZLuarUFNJ21BHAoggTNMiSzQkWZRTAVGR0SgCQ3MBOgfCcS5wwjItCMRG0izOBAgNzLApuh96D6756oxv1b7pXH-iVwwLQSLJkrhPRUNKu8Z7Zwqly-HT1kFZKYLVyZ7q7amTPXW214P4D3hwZd3r-Q-5G5DSGPMrzngsGGPf9rN8UA
CODEN ITVTAB
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_531506
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_024_06165_8
crossref_primary_10_1109_OJVT_2024_3477937
Cites_doi 10.1109/LWC.2021.3113669
10.1109/iccworkshops57953.2023.10283728
10.1109/TAP.2015.2402291
10.1109/LCOMM.2021.3116192
10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1443
10.1109/TCOMM.2023.3266832
10.1109/LWC.2017.2755643
10.3390/s18124311
10.1109/TWC.2023.3233961
10.1109/tits.2023.3285948
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2999659
10.1109/WCSP.2018.8555639
10.1109/AERO.2019.8741964
10.1109/TVT.2022.3168073
10.1109/MCOM.001.2000552
10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001404
10.12676/j.cc.2018.12.012
10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2876700
10.1109/MWC.2018.1800023
10.1109/JSAC.2021.3071850
10.1109/LAWP.2019.2930547
10.1109/TWC.2017.2773532
10.1109/TCOMM.2020.3011716
10.1049/cp.2018.1198
10.1109/TWC.2023.3262063
10.1109/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367570
10.1109/TVT.2015.2419738
10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100726
10.1109/JSAC.2017.2687838
10.1109/COMST.2022.3171135
10.1109/TVT.2018.2886961
10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685078
10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2828110
10.1109/COMST.2022.3199901
10.1109/LWC.2017.2710045
10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448737
10.1109/MCOM.004.2200716
10.1109/TWC.2022.3208635
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2024
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2024
DBID 97E
RIA
RIE
AAYXX
CITATION
7SP
8FD
FR3
KR7
L7M
DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3340447
DatabaseName IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present
IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present
IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
CrossRef
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
Technology Research Database
Engineering Research Database
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Engineering Research Database
Technology Research Database
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RIE
  name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 1939-9359
EndPage 6072
ExternalDocumentID 10_1109_TVT_2023_3340447
10347533
Genre orig-research
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: EU's Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme
– fundername: iSEE-6 G Project
– fundername: Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Research Foundation Flanders
  grantid: G098020
  funderid: 10.13039/501100003130
GroupedDBID -~X
.DC
0R~
29I
3EH
4.4
5GY
5VS
6IK
97E
AAIKC
AAJGR
AAMNW
AARMG
AASAJ
AAWTH
ABAZT
ABQJQ
ABVLG
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACIWK
ACNCT
AENEX
AETIX
AGQYO
AGSQL
AHBIQ
AI.
AIBXA
AKJIK
AKQYR
ALLEH
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ASUFR
ATWAV
BEFXN
BFFAM
BGNUA
BKEBE
BPEOZ
CS3
DU5
EBS
EJD
HZ~
H~9
IAAWW
IBMZZ
ICLAB
IFIPE
IFJZH
IPLJI
JAVBF
LAI
M43
MS~
O9-
OCL
P2P
RIA
RIE
RNS
RXW
TAE
TN5
VH1
AAYXX
CITATION
7SP
8FD
FR3
KR7
L7M
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-c65a1513c2fb8ca8b6d25a6fb266ae2d5acda140d5083bc51a7e92b7b5a5ca3e3
IEDL.DBID RIE
ISSN 0018-9545
IngestDate Mon Jun 30 10:12:11 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:04:48 EDT 2025
Wed Oct 01 02:27:15 EDT 2025
Wed Aug 27 02:00:18 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess false
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 5
Language English
License https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c292t-c65a1513c2fb8ca8b6d25a6fb266ae2d5acda140d5083bc51a7e92b7b5a5ca3e3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0002-4156-0317
0000-0003-1238-2002
0000-0003-1892-2276
0000-0002-1470-2076
PQID 3055169387
PQPubID 85454
PageCount 12
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2023_3340447
ieee_primary_10347533
proquest_journals_3055169387
crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TVT_2023_3340447
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2024-05-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2024-05-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 05
  year: 2024
  text: 2024-05-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace New York
PublicationPlace_xml – name: New York
PublicationTitle IEEE transactions on vehicular technology
PublicationTitleAbbrev TVT
PublicationYear 2024
Publisher IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml – name: IEEE
– name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References ref13
ref35
ref12
ref34
ref15
ref37
ref14
ref36
ref31
ref30
ref11
ref33
ref10
ref32
ref17
ref39
(ref2) 2023
ref16
ref19
Molisch (ref38) 2011
ref18
ref24
ref23
ref26
ref25
ref20
ref42
ref41
ref22
ref21
ref43
ref28
ref27
ref29
Jonas (ref1) 2021
ref7
ref9
ref4
ref3
(ref6) 2021
ref5
ref40
Colpaert (ref44) 2023
(ref8) 2018
References_xml – ident: ref16
  doi: 10.1109/LWC.2021.3113669
– year: 2023
  ident: ref44
  article-title: MaMIMO-UAV 3D channel state information dataset
– ident: ref14
  doi: 10.1109/iccworkshops57953.2023.10283728
– ident: ref33
  doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2402291
– ident: ref37
  doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2021.3116192
– ident: ref3
  doi: 10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1443
– ident: ref27
  doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2023.3266832
– ident: ref18
  doi: 10.1109/LWC.2017.2755643
– ident: ref11
  doi: 10.3390/s18124311
– ident: ref31
  doi: 10.1109/TWC.2023.3233961
– year: 2023
  ident: ref2
  article-title: Drone market outlook in 2023: Industry growth trends, market stats and forecast
  publication-title: Insider Intell.
– ident: ref39
  doi: 10.1109/tits.2023.3285948
– ident: ref19
  doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2999659
– ident: ref34
  doi: 10.1109/WCSP.2018.8555639
– ident: ref24
  doi: 10.1109/AERO.2019.8741964
– ident: ref32
  doi: 10.1109/TVT.2022.3168073
– ident: ref10
  doi: 10.1109/MCOM.001.2000552
– ident: ref21
  doi: 10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001404
– ident: ref36
  doi: 10.12676/j.cc.2018.12.012
– ident: ref29
  doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2876700
– ident: ref9
  doi: 10.1109/MWC.2018.1800023
– ident: ref35
  doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2021.3071850
– volume-title: Wireless Communications
  year: 2011
  ident: ref38
– year: 2021
  ident: ref6
  article-title: Unmanned aircraft systems traffic management (UTM) A common framework with core principles for global harmonization - Edition 3
  publication-title: Tech. Rep.
– ident: ref20
  doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2019.2930547
– ident: ref26
  doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2773532
– ident: ref43
  doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2020.3011716
– ident: ref42
  doi: 10.1049/cp.2018.1198
– ident: ref28
  doi: 10.1109/TWC.2023.3262063
– ident: ref13
  doi: 10.1109/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367570
– ident: ref25
  doi: 10.1109/TVT.2015.2419738
– ident: ref7
  doi: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100726
– ident: ref40
  doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2017.2687838
– ident: ref5
  doi: 10.1109/COMST.2022.3171135
– ident: ref22
  doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2886961
– year: 2021
  ident: ref1
  article-title: eVTOL/Urban air mobility TAM update: A slow take-off, but skys the limit
  publication-title: Morgan Stanley Res.
– ident: ref12
  doi: 10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685078
– ident: ref15
  doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2828110
– ident: ref4
  doi: 10.1109/COMST.2022.3199901
– ident: ref17
  doi: 10.1109/LWC.2017.2710045
– ident: ref23
  doi: 10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448737
– ident: ref41
  doi: 10.1109/MCOM.004.2200716
– issue: (TR) 36.777
  year: 2018
  ident: ref8
  article-title: Enhanced LTE support for aerial vehicles
– ident: ref30
  doi: 10.1109/TWC.2022.3208635
SSID ssj0014491
Score 2.498456
Snippet Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity in the communications research community because of their versatility in placement and potential to...
SourceID proquest
crossref
ieee
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 6061
SubjectTerms Air-to-ground (A2G)
Antenna measurements
Antennas
Autonomous aerial vehicles
channel measurements
channel stationarity
Communication
Communication networks
Communications systems
Correlation
Drones
massive multi-input multi-output (MaMIMO) testbed
Measurement
Time domain analysis
Time-frequency analysis
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Title 3D Non-Stationary Channel Measurement and Analysis for MaMIMO-UAV Communications
URI https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10347533
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3055169387
Volume 73
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVIEE
  databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1939-9359
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0014491
  issn: 0018-9545
  databaseCode: RIE
  dateStart: 19670101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  providerName: IEEE
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV07T8MwELZoJxh4FlEoyAMLg9M0sZ1krIAKkFKQaKtukZ8LVYradIBfj-0kpYBAbBlsy_Ld5c6-u-8D4NLogPS5TJDEwqYZtUZGzBHCCYu1sg7HoeunQ3o3xg9TMq2a1V0vjFLKFZ8pz366XL6ci5V9KjMWHmITXocN0IhiWjZrrVMGGFf0eD1jwSYuqHOSftIdTUaepQn3whD72DKpbPggR6ry40_s3MtgDwzrjZVVJS_equCeeP-G2fjvne-D3SrQhP1SMw7AlsoPwc4G_OAReApv4HCeo-cyHc8Wb9A2G-RqBtPPp0PIcglr7BJoYlyYsvQ-fUTj_gR-6S9ZtsB4cDu6vkMVwwISQRIUSFDCjMsPRaB5LFjMqQwIo5obt81UIAkTkpkrmLSg8VyQHotUEvCIE0YEC1V4DJr5PFcnAGphAgEVCUG1wtR6PakZZVQYZVBE-m3Qrc88ExX8uGXBmGXuGuInmZFSZqWUVVJqg6v1jNcSeuOPsS176BvjyvNug04t16wyzmVmQc4sBk0cnf4y7Qxsm9VxWdjYAc1isVLnJvgo-IVTug_ECNTd
linkProvider IEEE
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV07T8MwED5BGYCBZxGFAh5YGJKmiZ3HWAFVC01AIq26RX5loUpRHwP8euw8oIBAbBls2fLd5c6-u-8DuFQ6ICwmAkNgrtOMaWooMXsGDqifSu1wcnT9MHJ7Q3w3JuOyWT3vhZFS5sVn0tSfeS5fTPlSP5UpC3ewCq-dddggGGNStGt9JA0wLgny2sqGVWRQZSWtoBWPYlMThZuOgy2suVRWvFBOq_LjX5w7mO4uRNXWirqSZ3O5YCZ_-4ba-O-978FOGWqiTqEb-7AmswPYXgEgPIRH5wZF08x4KhLydPaKdLtBJico_Hw8RDQTqEIvQSrKRSEN--GDMeyM0JcOk3kdht3b-LpnlBwLBrcDe2Fwl1Dl9B1up8zn1GeusAl1U6YcN5W2IJQLqi5hQsPGM07a1JOBzTxGKOHUkc4R1LJpJo8BpVyFAtLj3E0ldrXfEyl1qcuVOkgirAa0qjNPeAlArnkwJkl-EbGCREkp0VJKSik14OpjxksBvvHH2Lo-9JVxxXk3oFnJNSnNc55omDONQuN7J79Mu4DNXhwOkkE_uj-FLbUSLsocm1BbzJbyTIUiC3aeK-A7E77YKg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=3D+Non-Stationary+Channel+Measurement+and+Analysis+for+MaMIMO-UAV+Communications&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+vehicular+technology&rft.au=Colpaert%2C+Achiel&rft.au=Cui%2C+Zhuangzhuang&rft.au=Vinogradov%2C+Evgenii&rft.au=Pollin%2C+Sofie&rft.date=2024-05-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=0018-9545&rft.eissn=1939-9359&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=6061&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTVT.2023.3340447&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0018-9545&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0018-9545&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0018-9545&client=summon