Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting (STAR) RIS Aided Wireless Communications
The novel concept of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is investigated, where the incident wireless signal is divided into transmitted and reflected signals passing into both sides of the space surrounding the surface, thus facilitating a fu...
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| Published in | IEEE transactions on wireless communications Vol. 21; no. 5; pp. 3083 - 3098 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York
IEEE
01.05.2022
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1536-1276 1558-2248 |
| DOI | 10.1109/TWC.2021.3118225 |
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| Abstract | The novel concept of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is investigated, where the incident wireless signal is divided into transmitted and reflected signals passing into both sides of the space surrounding the surface, thus facilitating a full-space manipulation of signal propagation. Based on the introduced basic signal model of 'STAR', three practical operating protocols for STAR-RISs are proposed, namely energy splitting (ES), mode switching (MS), and time switching (TS). Moreover, a STAR-RIS aided downlink communication system is considered for both unicast and multicast transmission, where a multi-antenna base station (BS) sends information to two users, i.e., one on each side of the STAR-RIS. A power consumption minimization problem for the joint optimization of the active beamforming at the BS and the passive transmission and reflection beamforming at the STAR-RIS is formulated for each of the proposed operating protocols, subject to communication rate constraints of the users. For ES, the resulting highly-coupled non-convex optimization problem is solved by an iterative algorithm, which exploits the penalty method and successive convex approximation. Then, the proposed penalty-based iterative algorithm is extended to solve the mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem for MS. For TS, the optimization problem is decomposed into two subproblems, which can be consecutively solved using state-of-the-art algorithms and convex optimization techniques. Finally, our numerical results reveal that: 1) the TS and ES operating protocols are generally preferable for unicast and multicast transmission, respectively; and 2) the required power consumption for both scenarios is significantly reduced by employing the proposed STAR-RIS instead of conventional reflecting/transmitting-only RISs. |
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| AbstractList | The novel concept of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is investigated, where the incident wireless signal is divided into transmitted and reflected signals passing into both sides of the space surrounding the surface, thus facilitating a full-space manipulation of signal propagation. Based on the introduced basic signal model of 'STAR', three practical operating protocols for STAR-RISs are proposed, namely energy splitting (ES), mode switching (MS), and time switching (TS). Moreover, a STAR-RIS aided downlink communication system is considered for both unicast and multicast transmission, where a multi-antenna base station (BS) sends information to two users, i.e., one on each side of the STAR-RIS. A power consumption minimization problem for the joint optimization of the active beamforming at the BS and the passive transmission and reflection beamforming at the STAR-RIS is formulated for each of the proposed operating protocols, subject to communication rate constraints of the users. For ES, the resulting highly-coupled non-convex optimization problem is solved by an iterative algorithm, which exploits the penalty method and successive convex approximation. Then, the proposed penalty-based iterative algorithm is extended to solve the mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem for MS. For TS, the optimization problem is decomposed into two subproblems, which can be consecutively solved using state-of-the-art algorithms and convex optimization techniques. Finally, our numerical results reveal that: 1) the TS and ES operating protocols are generally preferable for unicast and multicast transmission, respectively; and 2) the required power consumption for both scenarios is significantly reduced by employing the proposed STAR-RIS instead of conventional reflecting/transmitting-only RISs. |
| Author | Guo, Li Lin, Jiaru Schober, Robert Mu, Xidong Liu, Yuanwei |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xidong orcidid: 0000-0001-8351-360X surname: Mu fullname: Mu, Xidong email: muxidong@bupt.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Yuanwei orcidid: 0000-0002-6389-8941 surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Yuanwei email: yuanwei.liu@qmul.ac.uk organization: School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K – sequence: 3 givenname: Li orcidid: 0000-0002-9723-3294 surname: Guo fullname: Guo, Li email: guoli@bupt.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Jiaru orcidid: 0000-0001-6593-4419 surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Jiaru email: jrlin@bupt.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Robert surname: Schober fullname: Schober, Robert email: robert.schober@fau.de organization: Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany |
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| CODEN | ITWCAX |
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| SubjectTerms | Approximation Array signal processing Beamforming Communications systems Computational geometry Convex analysis Convexity Iterative algorithms Iterative methods Mixed integer Multicast communication Multicasting Operating protocols Optimization Optimization techniques Power consumption Power demand Protocols reconfigurable intelligent surfaces simultaneous transmission and reflection Switching Transmission Unicast unicast and multicast communication Wireless communication Wireless communications |
| Title | Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting (STAR) RIS Aided Wireless Communications |
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