Clinical Outcomes of Resected Pure Ground-Glass, Heterogeneous Ground-Glass, and Part-Solid Pulmonary Nodules

• Published in: American journal of roentgenology (1976) Vol. 222; no. 5; p. e2330504
• Main Authors: Sun, Jingshuo D., Sugarbaker, Evert, Byrne, Suzanne C., Gagné, Andréanne, Leo, Rachel, Swanson, Scott J., Hammer, Mark M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.05.2024
• Subjects: Adenocarcinoma of Lung - diagnostic imaging; Adenocarcinoma of Lung - pathology; Adenocarcinoma of Lung - surgery; Aged; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging; Lung Neoplasms - pathology; Lung Neoplasms - surgery; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules - diagnostic imaging; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules - pathology; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules - surgery; Retrospective Studies; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule - diagnostic imaging; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule - pathology; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule - surgery; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods; ground-glass nodule; heterogeneous ground-glass nodule; pure ground-glass nodule; part-solid nodule
• ISSN: 0361-803X; 1546-3141; 1546-3141
• DOI: 10.2214/AJR.23.30504

Increased (but not definitively solid) attenuation within pure ground-glass nodules (pGGNs) may indicate invasive adenocarcinoma and the need for resection rather than surveillance. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes among resected pGGNs, heterogeneous ground-glass nodules (GGNs), and part-solid nodules (PSNs). This retrospective study included 469 patients (335 female patients and 134 male patients; median age, 68 years [IQR, 62.5-73.5 years]) who, between January 2012 and December 2020, underwent resection of lung adenocarcinoma that appeared as a subsolid nodule on CT. Two radiologists, using lung windows, independently classified each nodule as a pGGN, a heterogeneous GGN, or a PSN, resolving discrepancies through discussion. A heterogeneous GGN was defined as a GGN with internal increased attenuation not quite as dense as that of pulmonary vessels, and a PSN was defined as having an internal solid component with the same attenuation as that of the pulmonary vessels. Outcomes included pathologic diagnosis of invasive adenocarcinoma, 5-year recurrence rates (locoregional or distant), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) over 7 years, as analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, with censoring of patients with incomplete follow-up. Interobserver agreement for nodule type, expressed as a kappa coefficient, was 0.69. Using consensus assessments, 59 nodules were pGGNs, 109 were heterogeneous GGNs, and 301 were PSNs. The frequency of invasive adenocarcinoma was 39.0% in pGGNs, 67.9% in heterogeneous GGNs, and 75.7% in PSNs (for pGGNs vs heterogeneous GGNs, < .001; for pGGNs vs PSNs, < .001; and for heterogeneous GGNs vs PSNs, = .28). The 5-year recurrence rate was 0.0% in patients with pGGNs, 6.3% in those with heterogeneous GGNs, and 10.8% in those with PSNs (for pGGNs vs heterogeneous GGNs, = .06; for pGGNs vs PSNs, = .02; and for heterogeneous GGNs vs PSNs, = .18). At 7 years, RFS was 97.7% in patients with pGGNs, 82.0% in those with heterogeneous GGNs, and 79.4% in those with PSNs (for pGGNs vs heterogeneous GGNs, = .02; for pGGNs vs PSNs, = .006; and for heterogeneous GGNs vs PSNs, = .40); OS was 98.0% in patients with pGGNs, 84.6% in those with heterogeneous GGNs, and 82.9% in those with PSNs (for pGGNs vs heterogeneous GGNs, = .04; for pGGNs vs PSNs, = .01; and for heterogeneous GGNs vs PSNs, = .50). Resected pGGNs had excellent clinical outcomes. Heterogeneous GGNs had relatively worse outcomes, more closely resembling outcomes for PSNs. The findings support surveillance for truly homogeneous pGGNs versus resection for GGNs showing internal increased attenuation even if not having a true solid component.