Thermo-economic optimization of rooftop unit’s evaporator coil for energy efficiency and thermal comfort
In this paper, the optimization-simulation approach is proposed to investigate energy saving potential of an air-cooled direct expansion rooftop package air conditioning system by refining the model of the HVAC system components and deriving optimal configuration for evaporator coil subject to techn...
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| Published in | Building simulation Vol. 7; no. 4; pp. 345 - 359 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Heidelberg
Tsinghua University Press
01.08.2014
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1996-3599 1996-8744 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s12273-013-0151-6 |
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| Abstract | In this paper, the optimization-simulation approach is proposed to investigate energy saving potential of an air-cooled direct expansion rooftop package air conditioning system by refining the model of the HVAC system components and deriving optimal configuration for evaporator coil subject to technical constraints. In this method the frontal area of the evaporator coil is maintained as constant and the variation of other geometrical parameters on the thermal and economical performance of the system is investigated. An actual air-cooled rooftop package of a real-world commercial building in hot and dry climate conditions is used for experimental data collection. Both inputs and outputs are measured from the field monitoring in two summer weeks. Based on the mathematical models and using collected data, modules incorporating the proposed optimal redesign procedure were embedded in a transient simulation tool. A mixed heuristic- deterministic optimization algorithm was implemented in the transient tool to determine the synthesis and design variables that influence the cost and energy efficiency of each configuration. Available experimental results were compared to predicted results to validate the model. Afterwards, the computer model was used to predict how changes in cooling coil geometry would affect the building thermal comfort, the cost and energy consumption of the system. |
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| AbstractList | In this paper, the optimization-simulation approach is proposed to investigate energy saving potential of an air-cooled direct expansion rooftop package air conditioning system by refining the model of the HVAC system components and deriving optimal configuration for evaporator coil subject to technical constraints. In this method the frontal area of the evaporator coil is maintained as constant and the variation of other geometrical parameters on the thermal and economical performance of the system is investigated. An actual air-cooled rooftop package of a real-world commercial building in hot and dry climate conditions is used for experimental data collection. Both inputs and outputs are measured from the field monitoring in two summer weeks. Based on the mathematical models and using collected data, modules incorporating the proposed optimal redesign procedure were embedded in a transient simulation tool. A mixed heuristic- deterministic optimization algorithm was implemented in the transient tool to determine the synthesis and design variables that influence the cost and energy efficiency of each configuration. Available experimental results were compared to predicted results to validate the model. Afterwards, the computer model was used to predict how changes in cooling coil geometry would affect the building thermal comfort, the cost and energy consumption of the system. |
| Author | Fakhar, Ahmad Vakiloroaya, Vahid Samali, Bijan Pishghadam, Kambiz |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1002/ep.11729 10.1007/s12273-013-0104-0 10.1016/S0017-9310(99)00333-6 10.1016/j.autcon.2012.12.006 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.04.002 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.01.016 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.07.023 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.09.005 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.08.063 10.1007/s12273-012-0091-6 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.08.020 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.014 10.1016/S0378-7788(00)00094-3 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.06.006 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.05.003 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.12.017 |
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| Keywords | HVAC design optimization direct expansion evaporator coil energy saving thermo-economic analysis |
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| References | Council of Australian GovernmentsGuide to Best Practice Maintenance and Operation of HVAC Systems for Energy Efficiency2012AustraliaDepartment of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency ISO Standard 7730Moderate Thermal Environment, Determination of PMV and PPD Indices and Specifications of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort1994GenevaInternational Organization for Standardization SanayeSMalekmohammadiHRThermal and economical optimization of air conditioning units with vapor compression refrigeration systemApplied Thermal Engineering2004241807182510.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.12.017 WangCCChiKYChangCJHeat transfer and friction characteristics plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Part II: CorrelationInternational Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer2000432693270010.1016/S0017-9310(99)00333-6 SarntichartsakPThepaSModeling and experimental study on the performance of an inverter air conditioner using R410A with evaporatively cooled condenserApplied Thermal Engineering20135159761010.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.08.063 ASHRAEASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals2009Atlanta, GA, USAAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers SchmidtTEHeat transfer calculations for extended surfacesRefrigeration Engineering19491949April351357 TRNSYSTRNSYS Software: A Transient System Simulation Program, version 162006 VakiloroayaVMadadniaJSamaliBModeling and performance prediction of an integrated central cooling plant for HVAC energy efficiency improvementBuilding Simulation2013612713810.1007/s12273-013-0104-0 BarreiraEMNegraoCORHermesCJLThermoeconomic analysis and optimization of residential split-type air conditionersApplied Thermal Engineering20135062963610.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.06.006 HuzayyinASNadaSAElattarHFAir-side performance of a wavy-finned-tube direct expansion cooling and dehumidifying air coilInternational Journal of Refrigeration20073023024410.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.07.023 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Program2007Atlanta, GA, USAAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning LeeTSWuWCJiangJCImproved energy performance of air-cooled water chillers with innovative condenser coil configurations—Part II: Experimental validationInternational Journal of Refrigeration2012352212222210.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.08.020 BendaoudAOuzzaneMAidounZGalanisNA new modeling approach for the study of finned coils with CO2International Journal of Thermal Sciences2010491702171110.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.04.002 AfonsoCFARecent advances in building air conditioning systemsApplied Thermal Engineering2006261961197110.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.01.016 WangBHanLShiWLiXModeling method of scroll compressor based on suction gas bypassApplied Thermal Engineering20123718318910.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.014 ASHRAEASHRAE Standard 55: Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy2004Atlanta, GA, USAAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning VakiloroayaVHaQPSamaliBEnergy-efficient HVAC systems: Simulation-empirical modeling and gradient optimizationAutomation in Construction20133117618510.1016/j.autcon.2012.12.006 ARI Standard 540Performance rating of positive displacement refrigerant compressors and compressor units2004Arlington, VA, USAAir Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute SekharSCTanLTOptimization of cooling coil performance during operation stages for improved humidity controlEnergy and Building20094122923310.1016/j.enbuild.2008.09.005 MinitabMinitab User’s Guide Release 162010State College, PA, USAMinitab Inc AriasJLundqvistPHeat recovery and floating condensing in supermarketsEnergy and Buildings200638738110.1016/j.enbuild.2005.05.003 NassifNThe impact of air filter pressure drop on the performance of typical air-conditioning systemsBuilding Simulation2012534535010.1007/s12273-012-0091-6 VakiloroayaVDesign optimization of the cooling coil for HVAC energy saving and comfort enhancementEnvironmental Progress & Sustainable Energy2013321209121610.1002/ep.11729 YikFWHBurnettJPrescottIPredicting air-conditioning energy consumption of group of buildings using different heat rejection methodsEnergy and Buildings20013315116610.1016/S0378-7788(00)00094-3 Council of Australian Governments (151_CR9) 2012 FWH Yik (151_CR25) 2001; 33 A Bendaoud (151_CR8) 2010; 49 ASHRAE (151_CR5) 2004 TRNSYS (151_CR19) 2006 SC Sekhar (151_CR18) 2009; 41 CFA Afonso (151_CR2) 2006; 26 TS Lee (151_CR12) 2012; 35 P Sarntichartsak (151_CR15) 2013; 51 S Sanaye (151_CR16) 2004; 24 ISO Standard 7730 (151_CR11) 1994 V Vakiloroaya (151_CR21) 2013; 6 ASHRAE (151_CR6) 2009 V Vakiloroaya (151_CR22) 2013; 31 B Wang (151_CR23) 2012; 37 V Vakiloroaya (151_CR20) 2013; 32 N Nassif (151_CR14) 2012; 5 CC Wang (151_CR24) 2000; 43 ARI Standard 540 (151_CR4) 2004 J Arias (151_CR3) 2006; 38 EM Barreira (151_CR7) 2013; 50 AS Huzayyin (151_CR10) 2007; 30 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140 (151_CR1) 2007 Minitab (151_CR13) 2010 TE Schmidt (151_CR17) 1949; 1949 |
| References_xml | – reference: BendaoudAOuzzaneMAidounZGalanisNA new modeling approach for the study of finned coils with CO2International Journal of Thermal Sciences2010491702171110.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.04.002 – reference: SarntichartsakPThepaSModeling and experimental study on the performance of an inverter air conditioner using R410A with evaporatively cooled condenserApplied Thermal Engineering20135159761010.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.08.063 – reference: VakiloroayaVHaQPSamaliBEnergy-efficient HVAC systems: Simulation-empirical modeling and gradient optimizationAutomation in Construction20133117618510.1016/j.autcon.2012.12.006 – reference: AfonsoCFARecent advances in building air conditioning systemsApplied Thermal Engineering2006261961197110.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.01.016 – reference: AriasJLundqvistPHeat recovery and floating condensing in supermarketsEnergy and Buildings200638738110.1016/j.enbuild.2005.05.003 – reference: Council of Australian GovernmentsGuide to Best Practice Maintenance and Operation of HVAC Systems for Energy Efficiency2012AustraliaDepartment of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency – reference: LeeTSWuWCJiangJCImproved energy performance of air-cooled water chillers with innovative condenser coil configurations—Part II: Experimental validationInternational Journal of Refrigeration2012352212222210.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.08.020 – reference: TRNSYSTRNSYS Software: A Transient System Simulation Program, version 162006 – reference: MinitabMinitab User’s Guide Release 162010State College, PA, USAMinitab Inc – reference: SekharSCTanLTOptimization of cooling coil performance during operation stages for improved humidity controlEnergy and Building20094122923310.1016/j.enbuild.2008.09.005 – reference: NassifNThe impact of air filter pressure drop on the performance of typical air-conditioning systemsBuilding Simulation2012534535010.1007/s12273-012-0091-6 – reference: ISO Standard 7730Moderate Thermal Environment, Determination of PMV and PPD Indices and Specifications of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort1994GenevaInternational Organization for Standardization – reference: WangCCChiKYChangCJHeat transfer and friction characteristics plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Part II: CorrelationInternational Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer2000432693270010.1016/S0017-9310(99)00333-6 – reference: BarreiraEMNegraoCORHermesCJLThermoeconomic analysis and optimization of residential split-type air conditionersApplied Thermal Engineering20135062963610.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.06.006 – reference: YikFWHBurnettJPrescottIPredicting air-conditioning energy consumption of group of buildings using different heat rejection methodsEnergy and Buildings20013315116610.1016/S0378-7788(00)00094-3 – reference: ARI Standard 540Performance rating of positive displacement refrigerant compressors and compressor units2004Arlington, VA, USAAir Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute – reference: ASHRAEASHRAE Standard 55: Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy2004Atlanta, GA, USAAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning – reference: ASHRAEASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals2009Atlanta, GA, USAAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers – reference: VakiloroayaVDesign optimization of the cooling coil for HVAC energy saving and comfort enhancementEnvironmental Progress & Sustainable Energy2013321209121610.1002/ep.11729 – reference: SanayeSMalekmohammadiHRThermal and economical optimization of air conditioning units with vapor compression refrigeration systemApplied Thermal Engineering2004241807182510.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.12.017 – reference: ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Program2007Atlanta, GA, USAAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning – reference: HuzayyinASNadaSAElattarHFAir-side performance of a wavy-finned-tube direct expansion cooling and dehumidifying air coilInternational Journal of Refrigeration20073023024410.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.07.023 – reference: SchmidtTEHeat transfer calculations for extended surfacesRefrigeration Engineering19491949April351357 – reference: VakiloroayaVMadadniaJSamaliBModeling and performance prediction of an integrated central cooling plant for HVAC energy efficiency improvementBuilding Simulation2013612713810.1007/s12273-013-0104-0 – reference: WangBHanLShiWLiXModeling method of scroll compressor based on suction gas bypassApplied Thermal Engineering20123718318910.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.014 – volume: 32 start-page: 1209 year: 2013 ident: 151_CR20 publication-title: Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy doi: 10.1002/ep.11729 – volume: 6 start-page: 127 year: 2013 ident: 151_CR21 publication-title: Building Simulation doi: 10.1007/s12273-013-0104-0 – volume-title: Guide to Best Practice Maintenance and Operation of HVAC Systems for Energy Efficiency year: 2012 ident: 151_CR9 – volume-title: ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals year: 2009 ident: 151_CR6 – volume-title: Minitab User’s Guide Release 16 year: 2010 ident: 151_CR13 – volume: 1949 start-page: 351 issue: April year: 1949 ident: 151_CR17 publication-title: Refrigeration Engineering – volume: 43 start-page: 2693 year: 2000 ident: 151_CR24 publication-title: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer doi: 10.1016/S0017-9310(99)00333-6 – volume: 31 start-page: 176 year: 2013 ident: 151_CR22 publication-title: Automation in Construction doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2012.12.006 – volume-title: TRNSYS Software: A Transient System Simulation Program, version 16 year: 2006 ident: 151_CR19 – volume: 49 start-page: 1702 year: 2010 ident: 151_CR8 publication-title: International Journal of Thermal Sciences doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.04.002 – volume-title: Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Program year: 2007 ident: 151_CR1 – volume: 26 start-page: 1961 year: 2006 ident: 151_CR2 publication-title: Applied Thermal Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.01.016 – volume-title: Performance rating of positive displacement refrigerant compressors and compressor units year: 2004 ident: 151_CR4 – volume: 30 start-page: 230 year: 2007 ident: 151_CR10 publication-title: International Journal of Refrigeration doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.07.023 – volume: 41 start-page: 229 year: 2009 ident: 151_CR18 publication-title: Energy and Building doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.09.005 – volume: 51 start-page: 597 year: 2013 ident: 151_CR15 publication-title: Applied Thermal Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.08.063 – volume: 5 start-page: 345 year: 2012 ident: 151_CR14 publication-title: Building Simulation doi: 10.1007/s12273-012-0091-6 – volume: 35 start-page: 2212 year: 2012 ident: 151_CR12 publication-title: International Journal of Refrigeration doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.08.020 – volume: 37 start-page: 183 year: 2012 ident: 151_CR23 publication-title: Applied Thermal Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.014 – volume-title: Moderate Thermal Environment, Determination of PMV and PPD Indices and Specifications of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort year: 1994 ident: 151_CR11 – volume: 33 start-page: 151 year: 2001 ident: 151_CR25 publication-title: Energy and Buildings doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(00)00094-3 – volume: 50 start-page: 629 year: 2013 ident: 151_CR7 publication-title: Applied Thermal Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.06.006 – volume: 38 start-page: 73 year: 2006 ident: 151_CR3 publication-title: Energy and Buildings doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.05.003 – volume-title: ASHRAE Standard 55: Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy year: 2004 ident: 151_CR5 – volume: 24 start-page: 1807 year: 2004 ident: 151_CR16 publication-title: Applied Thermal Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.12.017 |
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| SubjectTerms | Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Building Construction and Design Engineering Engineering Thermodynamics Heat and Mass Transfer Monitoring/Environmental Analysis Research Article |
| Title | Thermo-economic optimization of rooftop unit’s evaporator coil for energy efficiency and thermal comfort |
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