Scientific analysis and research on the Western Han Dynasty lead objects unearthed from Xi’an city, Shaanxi province, China
Lead objects constitute a significant category of metal funeral artifacts from the Western Han Dynasty. However, there has been a notable absence of scientific analyses dedicated to this subject. In this study, ten lead objects dating back to the Western Han Dynasty, sourced from the Dabaiyang sites...
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| Published in | European physical journal plus Vol. 139; no. 8; p. 729 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
13.08.2024
Springer Nature B.V |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2190-5444 2190-5444 |
| DOI | 10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05540-1 |
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| Abstract | Lead objects constitute a significant category of metal funeral artifacts from the Western Han Dynasty. However, there has been a notable absence of scientific analyses dedicated to this subject. In this study, ten lead objects dating back to the Western Han Dynasty, sourced from the Dabaiyang sites in Xi’an, were examined. The analysis employed metallurgical observations, SEM–EDS, and LA-MC-ICP-MS methods. These objects were found to be cast without annealing or forging. Composed entirely of pure lead, they exhibited minor soil impurities and sporadic metallic elements introduced during incomplete separation or from accompanying copper. The lead isotopic characteristics of artifacts from the same tomb are very similar, indicating they may have been batch-produced. The lead isotope ratios are divided into three groups: two likely from the Xiaoqinling area near Xi’an, and the other from Hunan, slightly farther away, matching the pattern between the lead isotopes and different ages previously discovered. Based on archeological findings and lead isotope data, we suggest that lead minerals from Hunan were locally collected and smelted during the early Western Han Dynasty and then transported to Xi’an through Nanyang.
Graphical abstract |
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| AbstractList | Lead objects constitute a significant category of metal funeral artifacts from the Western Han Dynasty. However, there has been a notable absence of scientific analyses dedicated to this subject. In this study, ten lead objects dating back to the Western Han Dynasty, sourced from the Dabaiyang sites in Xi’an, were examined. The analysis employed metallurgical observations, SEM–EDS, and LA-MC-ICP-MS methods. These objects were found to be cast without annealing or forging. Composed entirely of pure lead, they exhibited minor soil impurities and sporadic metallic elements introduced during incomplete separation or from accompanying copper. The lead isotopic characteristics of artifacts from the same tomb are very similar, indicating they may have been batch-produced. The lead isotope ratios are divided into three groups: two likely from the Xiaoqinling area near Xi’an, and the other from Hunan, slightly farther away, matching the pattern between the lead isotopes and different ages previously discovered. Based on archeological findings and lead isotope data, we suggest that lead minerals from Hunan were locally collected and smelted during the early Western Han Dynasty and then transported to Xi’an through Nanyang.
Graphical abstract Lead objects constitute a significant category of metal funeral artifacts from the Western Han Dynasty. However, there has been a notable absence of scientific analyses dedicated to this subject. In this study, ten lead objects dating back to the Western Han Dynasty, sourced from the Dabaiyang sites in Xi’an, were examined. The analysis employed metallurgical observations, SEM–EDS, and LA-MC-ICP-MS methods. These objects were found to be cast without annealing or forging. Composed entirely of pure lead, they exhibited minor soil impurities and sporadic metallic elements introduced during incomplete separation or from accompanying copper. The lead isotopic characteristics of artifacts from the same tomb are very similar, indicating they may have been batch-produced. The lead isotope ratios are divided into three groups: two likely from the Xiaoqinling area near Xi’an, and the other from Hunan, slightly farther away, matching the pattern between the lead isotopes and different ages previously discovered. Based on archeological findings and lead isotope data, we suggest that lead minerals from Hunan were locally collected and smelted during the early Western Han Dynasty and then transported to Xi’an through Nanyang. |
| ArticleNumber | 729 |
| Author | Luo, Wugan Duan, Chenggang Zuo, Tian Chen, Dian |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Chenggang surname: Duan fullname: Duan, Chenggang organization: Xi’an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology – sequence: 2 givenname: Tian surname: Zuo fullname: Zuo, Tian organization: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology – sequence: 3 givenname: Dian surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Dian email: chendian@ucas.ac.cn organization: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology – sequence: 4 givenname: Wugan surname: Luo fullname: Luo, Wugan email: xiahua@ucas.ac.cn organization: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology |
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| Cites_doi | 10.37558/gec.v22i1.1093 10.1126/sciadv.abi5905 10.1016/j.jas.2023.105903 10.1007/s11430-015-5095-5 10.1016/0375-6742(95)00011-9 10.1007/s12520-018-0763-y 10.1111/arcm.12274 10.1371/journal.pone.0205866 10.1007/s12520-024-01949-y 10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.016 10.1007/s11741-006-0105-7 10.18520/cs/v118/i9/1442-1447 10.1007/s12520-023-01729-0 10.1111/arcm.12645 10.3390/met13020435 10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00355-2 10.1016/j.aia.2021.07.001 10.1371/journal.pone.0215973 10.1016/j.ijms.2016.03.001 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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Sci.201911344910.1007/s12520-018-0763-y LiYHouJSFanWZPanCXMaterials Characteristics of Metal Objects from Tomb M1 and M2 of Wenfengta Cemetery in SuizhouJianghan Archaeol.20140491108(in Chinese with English abstract) ChangLA Study of Lead Artifacts Unearthed from Han TombsHuaxia Archaeol.20232114122(in Chinese with English Abstract) CattinFBeckBGCurdyPProvenance of early bronze age metal artefacts in Western Switzerland using elemental and lead isotopic compositions and their possible relation with copper minerals of the nearby ValaisJ Archeol. Sci.20113861221123310.1016/j.jas.2010.12.016 ZhuBQThe mapping of geochemical provinces in China based on Pb isotopesJ. Geochem. Explor.19955517118110.1016/0375-6742(95)00011-9 ChenKYFanCYuanHLHigh-precision in situ analysis of the lead isotopic composition in copper using femtosecond laser ablation MC-ICP-MS and the application in ancient coinsSpectrosc. Spectr. 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Archaeomaterials202121244810.1016/j.aia.2021.07.001 ANA Baker (5540_CR11) 2022; 22 QL Chen (5540_CR3) 2006; 06 V Rich (5540_CR1) 1994 JF Cui (5540_CR24) 2009; 04 KY Chen (5540_CR16) 2013; 33 SY Sun (5540_CR15) 2011 D Ma (5540_CR25) 2024; 16 P D'Imporzano (5540_CR31) 2021; 7 S Li (5540_CR10) 2023; 13 D Chen (5540_CR22) 2020; 118 MS Li (5540_CR9) 1984; 10 D Chen (5540_CR20) 2019; 11 5540_CR2 ZA Bao (5540_CR17) 2016; 402 F Cattin (5540_CR18) 2011; 38 YZ Zhangsun (5540_CR28) 2017; 04 WG Luo (5540_CR12) 2006; 04 5540_CR30 HL Yuan (5540_CR8) 2015; 58 YC Wang (5540_CR6) 2003; 4 YK Hsu (5540_CR29) 2019; 14 D Ma (5540_CR26) 2024; 53 D Chen (5540_CR33) 2024; 161 CM Wang (5540_CR4) 2013; 19 D Chen (5540_CR23) 2020; 135 L Chang (5540_CR5) 2023; 2 D Chen (5540_CR7) 2021; 63 BQ Zhu (5540_CR19) 1995; 55 D Chen (5540_CR21) 2018; 13 XW Meng (5540_CR13) 2009; 04 Y Li (5540_CR14) 2014; 04 DY Yang (5540_CR27) 2023; 15 M Treister (5540_CR32) 2021; 2 |
| References_xml | – reference: BaoZAYuanWTYuanHLNon-matrix-matched determination of lead isotope ratios in ancient bronze artifacts by femtosecond laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryInt. J. Mass Spectrom.2016402121910.1016/j.ijms.2016.03.001 – reference: ZhangsunYZLiuRLJinZYLead isotope analyses revealed the key role of Chang'an in the mirror production and distribution network during the Han DynastyArchaeometry20170468571510.1111/arcm.12274 – reference: ChenDZengQSLiCQiaoBTLuoWGExotic treasures or local innovation: Gold and Silver Beads of Han Dynasty excavated from Nanyang city, Henan province, central ChinaJ. Archaeol. Sci.202416110.1016/j.jas.2023.105903 – reference: ChenDQiaoBTLuoWGArchaeometallurgical research on the manufacture of lead Mingqi from Nanyang in Chu State during the Warring states periodArchaeometry202163481082510.1111/arcm.12645 – reference: SunSYHanRBLiXHMicrostructure of metal materials in ancient China2011BeijingScience Press (in Chinese) – reference: LiSLiYZhuRWangHAnalysis of lead smelting technology in the early bronze age based on smelting slag from the central plains of ChinaMetals202313243510.3390/met13020435 – reference: LiYHouJSFanWZPanCXMaterials Characteristics of Metal Objects from Tomb M1 and M2 of Wenfengta Cemetery in SuizhouJianghan Archaeol.20140491108(in Chinese with English abstract) – reference: ChenDLuoWGBaiYXThe social interaction between China and Japanese archipelago during Western Han Dynasty: comparative study of bronze mirrors from Linzi and Yayoi sitesArchaeol. Anthropol. 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| SubjectTerms | Applied and Technical Physics Atomic Batch annealing Cemeteries Chinese history Complex Systems Condensed Matter Physics Isotope ratios Lead isotopes Mathematical and Computational Physics Metallurgical analysis Metallurgy Molecular Optical and Plasma Physics Physics Physics and Astronomy Reference materials Regular Article Theoretical Tombs |
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| Title | Scientific analysis and research on the Western Han Dynasty lead objects unearthed from Xi’an city, Shaanxi province, China |
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