HotCluster: A Thermal-Aware Defect Recovery Method for Through-Silicon-Vias Toward Reliable 3-D ICs Systems

• Published in: IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems Vol. 41; no. 4; pp. 799 - 812
• Main Authors: Dang, Khanh N., Ahmed, Akram Ben, Abdallah, Abderazek Ben, Tran, Xuan-Tu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.04.2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: 3D-Network on Chips (3D-NoCs); Algorithms; architecture and design; Circuit faults; Clustering; Cooling; Defects; Fault tolerant systems; fault-tolerance; Flow mapping; High temperature; Integrated circuit reliability; Integrated circuits; Interconnections; maximum flow minimal cut; Network reliability; Operating temperature; Recovery; Redundancy; Reliability; Routers; through silicon vias (TSVs); Through-silicon vias
• ISSN: 0278-0070; 1937-4151
• DOI: 10.1109/TCAD.2021.3069370

Through silicon via (TSV) is considered as the near-future solution to realize low-power and high-performance 3D-integrated circuits (3D-ICs) and 3D-Network-on-Chips (3D-NoCs). However, the lifetime reliability issue of TSV due to its fault sensitivity and the high operating temperature of 3D-ICs, which also accelerates the fault rate, is one of the most critical challenges. Meanwhile, most current works focus on detecting and correcting TSV defects after manufacturing without considering high-temperature nodes' impact on lifetime reliability. Besides, the recovery for defective clusters is also challenging because of costly redundancies. In this work, we present HotCluster : a hotspot-aware self-correction platform for clustering defects in 3D-NoCs to help understand and tackle this problem. We first give a method to predict normalized fault rates and place redundant TSV groups according to each region's fault rate. In our particular medium fault rate (normalized to the coolest area), HotCluster reduces about 60% of the redundancies in comparison to the uniformly distributed redundancies while having a higher ratio of router working in a normal state. Furthermore, HotCluster integrates both online (weight based) and offline (max-flow min-cut offline method) mapping algorithms to help the system correct the faulty TSV clusters. The experimental results show that both the max-flow min-cut offline method and weight-based online mode with a redundancy of 0.25 exhibits less than 1% of routers disabled under 50% defect rates.