Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: Assocations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors
Research into the mental health of refugees has burgeoned in recent times, but there is a dearth of studies focusing specifically on the factors associated with psychiatric distress in asylum-seekers who have not been accorded residency status. Forty consecutive asylum-seekers attending a community...
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| Published in | British journal of psychiatry Vol. 170; no. 4; pp. 351 - 357 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Press
01.04.1997
RCP |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0007-1250 1472-1465 |
| DOI | 10.1192/bjp.170.4.351 |
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| Abstract | Research into the mental health of refugees has burgeoned in recent times, but there is a dearth of studies focusing specifically on the factors associated with psychiatric distress in asylum-seekers who have not been accorded residency status.
Forty consecutive asylum-seekers attending a community resource centre in Sydney, Australia, were interviewed using structured instruments and questionnaires.
Anxiety scores were associated with female gender, poverty, and conflict with immigration officials, while loneliness and boredom were linked with both anxiety and depression. Thirty subjects (79%) had experienced a traumatic event such as witnessing killings, being assaulted, or suffering torture and captivity, and 14 subjects (37%) met full criteria for PTSD. A diagnosis of PTSD was associated with greater exposure to pre-migration trauma, delays in processing refugee applications, difficulties in dealing with immigration officials, obstacles to employment, racial discrimination, and loneliness and boredom.
Although based on correlational data derived from'a convenient' sample, our findings raise the possibility that current procedures for dealing with asylum-seekers may contribute to high levels of stress and psychiatric symptoms in those who have been previously traumatised. |
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| AbstractList | Research into the mental health of refugees has burgeoned in recent times, but there is a dearth of studies focusing specifically on the factors associated with psychiatric distress in asylum-seekers who have not been accorded residency status.
Forty consecutive asylum-seekers attending a community resource centre in Sydney, Australia, were interviewed using structured instruments and questionnaires.
Anxiety scores were associated with female gender, poverty, and conflict with immigration officials, while loneliness and boredom were linked with both anxiety and depression. Thirty subjects (79%) had experienced a traumatic event such as witnessing killings, being assaulted, or suffering torture and captivity, and 14 subjects (37%) met full criteria for PTSD. A diagnosis of PTSD was associated with greater exposure to pre-migration trauma, delays in processing refugee applications, difficulties in dealing with immigration officials, obstacles to employment, racial discrimination, and loneliness and boredom.
Although based on correlational data derived from'a convenient' sample, our findings raise the possibility that current procedures for dealing with asylum-seekers may contribute to high levels of stress and psychiatric symptoms in those who have been previously traumatised. Research into the mental health of refugees has burgeoned in recent times, but there is a dearth of studies focusing specifically on the factors associated with psychiatric distress in asylum-seekers who have not been accorded residency status.BACKGROUNDResearch into the mental health of refugees has burgeoned in recent times, but there is a dearth of studies focusing specifically on the factors associated with psychiatric distress in asylum-seekers who have not been accorded residency status.Forty consecutive asylum-seekers attending a community resource centre in Sydney, Australia, were interviewed using structured instruments and questionnaires.METHODForty consecutive asylum-seekers attending a community resource centre in Sydney, Australia, were interviewed using structured instruments and questionnaires.Anxiety scores were associated with female gender, poverty, and conflict with immigration officials, while loneliness and boredom were linked with both anxiety and depression. Thirty subjects (79%) had experienced a traumatic event such as witnessing killings, being assaulted, or suffering torture and captivity, and 14 subjects (37%) met full criteria for PTSD. A diagnosis of PTSD was associated with greater exposure to pre-migration trauma, delays in processing refugee applications, difficulties in dealing with immigration officials, obstacles to employment, racial discrimination, and loneliness and boredom.RESULTSAnxiety scores were associated with female gender, poverty, and conflict with immigration officials, while loneliness and boredom were linked with both anxiety and depression. Thirty subjects (79%) had experienced a traumatic event such as witnessing killings, being assaulted, or suffering torture and captivity, and 14 subjects (37%) met full criteria for PTSD. A diagnosis of PTSD was associated with greater exposure to pre-migration trauma, delays in processing refugee applications, difficulties in dealing with immigration officials, obstacles to employment, racial discrimination, and loneliness and boredom.Although based on correlational data derived from'a convenient' sample, our findings raise the possibility that current procedures for dealing with asylum-seekers may contribute to high levels of stress and psychiatric symptoms in those who have been previously traumatised.CONCLUSIONSAlthough based on correlational data derived from'a convenient' sample, our findings raise the possibility that current procedures for dealing with asylum-seekers may contribute to high levels of stress and psychiatric symptoms in those who have been previously traumatised. |
| Author | Sinnerbrink, Ingrid Steel, Zachary Manicavasagar, Vijaya Silove, Derrick Field, Annette |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Derrick surname: Silove fullname: Silove, Derrick organization: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Ingrid surname: Sinnerbrink fullname: Sinnerbrink, Ingrid organization: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: Annette surname: Field fullname: Field, Annette organization: Asylum Seekers Centre, Surry Hills, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Vijaya surname: Manicavasagar fullname: Manicavasagar, Vijaya organization: Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Australia – sequence: 5 givenname: Zachary surname: Steel fullname: Steel, Zachary organization: Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Australia |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9246254$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1097/00005053-199402000-00004 10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80033-4 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90459-0 10.1002/jts.2490090203 10.1097/00005053-199302000-00007 10.1001/jama.1988.03720180051032 10.1017/S0033291700022352 10.3109/00048679309075823 10.1192/bjp.162.1.55 10.1176/ajp.148.11.1548 10.1176/ajp.144.12.1567 10.1176/ajp.144.4.497 10.1176/ajp.111.5.343 10.1176/ps.46.12.1287 10.1093/reflaw/2.4.620 10.1001/jama.1994.03520050037027 10.3109/00048679009062904 10.1177/002076409404000303 10.1037/h0079422 10.1176/ajp.145.2.197 10.1016/0379-0738(88)90113-2 10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_63 10.1002/jts.2490070106 10.1097/00005053-199112000-00003 10.3109/00048679109064441 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008 10.1192/bjp.144.4.395 10.1192/bjp.166.6.705 |
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| References | (S0007125000146896_ref1) 1994 S0007125000146896_ref37 S0007125000146896_ref7 S0007125000146896_ref15 Silove (S0007125000146896_ref38) 1995; 46 S0007125000146896_ref8 Kroll (S0007125000146896_ref20) 1989; 148 S0007125000146896_ref3 Cox (S0007125000146896_ref9) 1994 Mollica (S0007125000146896_ref24) 1987; 144 S0007125000146896_ref30 Jupp (S0007125000146896_ref16) 1994 Kos (S0007125000146896_ref19) 1993 S0007125000146896_ref32 S0007125000146896_ref10 S0007125000146896_ref31 S0007125000146896_ref34 Shore (S0007125000146896_ref35) 1988; 143 S0007125000146896_ref12 S0007125000146896_ref33 S0007125000146896_ref11 S0007125000146896_ref36 S0007125000146896_ref14 Kilmidis (S0007125000146896_ref18) 1994 S0007125000146896_ref13 S0007125000146896_ref27 Kinzia (S0007125000146896_ref17) 1987; 38 S0007125000146896_ref26 S0007125000146896_ref29 Westermeyer (S0007125000146896_ref41) 1988; 145 Becker (S0007125000146896_ref4) 1993 Landgraf (S0007125000146896_ref21) 1992; 21 Mollica (S0007125000146896_ref25) 1987; 144 Butcher (S0007125000146896_ref5) 1991 Moss (S0007125000146896_ref28) 1993 Baker (S0007125000146896_ref2) 1992 (S0007125000146896_ref39) 1951 S0007125000146896_ref40 S0007125000146896_ref42 S0007125000146896_ref23 Carlson (S0007125000146896_ref6) 1991; 148 S0007125000146896_ref22 9373441 - Br J Psychiatry. 1997 Oct;171:394 |
| References_xml | – ident: S0007125000146896_ref13 doi: 10.1097/00005053-199402000-00004 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref30 doi: 10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80033-4 – start-page: 173 volume-title: State of the Nation: A Report on People of Non-English Speaking Bock-ground year: 1993 ident: S0007125000146896_ref28 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref22 doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90459-0 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref40 doi: 10.1002/jts.2490090203 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref14 doi: 10.1097/00005053-199302000-00007 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref12 doi: 10.1001/jama.1988.03720180051032 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref11 doi: 10.1017/S0033291700022352 – volume: 148 start-page: 1592 year: 1989 ident: S0007125000146896_ref20 article-title: Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in Southeast Asian refugees publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry – ident: S0007125000146896_ref37 doi: 10.3109/00048679309075823 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref33 doi: 10.1192/bjp.162.1.55 – volume: 148 start-page: 1548 year: 1991 ident: S0007125000146896_ref6 article-title: Trauma experiences, posttraumatic stress, dissociation, and depression in Cambodian refugees publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.11.1548 – volume: 144 start-page: 1567 year: 1987 ident: S0007125000146896_ref24 article-title: Psychosocial impact of war trauma and torture on Southeast Asian refugees publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.144.12.1567 – volume: 144 start-page: 497 year: 1987 ident: S0007125000146896_ref25 article-title: Indochinese versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25: a screening instrument for the psychiatric care of refugees publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.144.4.497 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref31 doi: 10.1176/ajp.111.5.343 – volume: 143 start-page: 590 year: 1988 ident: S0007125000146896_ref35 article-title: Psychiatric reactions to disaster: the Mt St Helens experience publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry – volume: 46 start-page: 1287 year: 1995 ident: S0007125000146896_ref38 article-title: Impact of recounting their trauma stories on the emotional state of Cambodian refugees publication-title: Psychiatric Services doi: 10.1176/ps.46.12.1287 – volume-title: A Comparative Study of Health Among Elderly Persons from Diffèrent Ethnic Backgrounds year: 1994 ident: S0007125000146896_ref18 – volume: 21 start-page: 255 year: 1992 ident: S0007125000146896_ref21 article-title: Summary of the WONCA/COOP International Health Assessment Field Trial publication-title: Australian Family Physician – ident: S0007125000146896_ref29 doi: 10.1093/reflaw/2.4.620 – start-page: 81 volume-title: Protection or Punishment: The Detention of Asylum-Seekers in Australia year: 1993 ident: S0007125000146896_ref4 – start-page: III 1 volume-title: Mental Health Services for Refugees year: 1991 ident: S0007125000146896_ref5 – volume-title: The Wellbeing of Asylum Seekers in Australia: A Study of Policies and Practice with Identification and Discussion of the Key Issues year: 1994 ident: S0007125000146896_ref9 – volume-title: United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees year: 1951 ident: S0007125000146896_ref39 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref3 doi: 10.1001/jama.1994.03520050037027 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref34 doi: 10.3109/00048679009062904 – start-page: 83 volume-title: Torture and its Consequences year: 1992 ident: S0007125000146896_ref2 – volume-title: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders year: 1994 ident: S0007125000146896_ref1 – volume: 38 start-page: 190 year: 1987 ident: S0007125000146896_ref17 article-title: The use of self-rating scales in cross-cultural psychiatry publication-title: Hospital and Community Psychiatry – ident: S0007125000146896_ref32 doi: 10.1177/002076409404000303 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref7 doi: 10.1037/h0079422 – volume: 145 start-page: 197 year: 1988 ident: S0007125000146896_ref41 article-title: DSM – III psychiatric disorders among the Hmong refugees in the United States: a point prevalence study publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.145.2.197 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref15 doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(88)90113-2 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref10 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_63 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref8 doi: 10.1002/jts.2490070106 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref27 doi: 10.1097/00005053-199112000-00003 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref36 doi: 10.3109/00048679109064441 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref26 doi: 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008 – volume-title: Draft Guidelines on the Evaluation and Core of Victims of Trauma and Violence year: 1993 ident: S0007125000146896_ref19 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref42 doi: 10.1192/bjp.144.4.395 – start-page: 3 volume-title: Migration and Mental Health. Responsibilities and Opportunities year: 1994 ident: S0007125000146896_ref16 – ident: S0007125000146896_ref23 doi: 10.1192/bjp.166.6.705 – reference: 9373441 - Br J Psychiatry. 1997 Oct;171:394 |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Anxiety - etiology Depression - etiology Female Humans Life Change Events Male Mental Disorders - etiology New South Wales Refugees - psychology Risk Factors Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - etiology |
| Title | Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: Assocations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors |
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