Malabsorption et intolérance au lactose chez l’adulte

Le lactose, principal sucre du lait, est un disaccharide dont l’absorption au niveau de l’intestin grêle est dépendante de son hydrolyse en glucose et galactose par la lactase, enzyme présente au niveau de la bordure en brosse des entérocytes. En cas de déficit de cette enzyme, le lactose non hydrol...

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Published inNutrition clinique et métabolisme Vol. 28; no. 1; pp. 46 - 51
Main Authors Dainese-Plichon, Raffaella, Schneider, Stéphane, Piche, Thierry, Hébuterne, Xavier
Format Journal Article
LanguageFrench
Published Paris Elsevier SAS 01.02.2014
Arnette
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0985-0562
1768-3092
DOI10.1016/j.nupar.2013.12.002

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Abstract Le lactose, principal sucre du lait, est un disaccharide dont l’absorption au niveau de l’intestin grêle est dépendante de son hydrolyse en glucose et galactose par la lactase, enzyme présente au niveau de la bordure en brosse des entérocytes. En cas de déficit de cette enzyme, le lactose non hydrolysé est métabolisé par la flore bactérienne anaérobie du côlon. Les métabolites générés, acides gras à courte chaîne, hydrogène, dioxyde de carbone et méthane, sont retenus responsables des symptômes tels que douleur abdominale, météorisme, flatulence, diarrhée. Le déficit en lactase peut être d’origine congénitale, d’origine primaire acquise ou d’origine acquise secondaire à des pathologies lésant la muqueuse intestinale. La malabsorption du lactose est la conséquence de l’hypolactasie dont l’expression clinique est l’intolérance au lactose : dans la pratique clinique courante, la malabsorption est diagnostiquée grâce au test respiratoire à l’hydrogène après ingestion de lactose, qui doit être couplé au recueil des symptômes d’intolérance éventuellement provoqués par ce test. Le traitement repose sur l’exclusion ou la réduction du lactose de l’alimentation, traitement qui doit être réservé aux sujets symptomatiques (« intolérants »). Un suivi diététique est souhaitable afin de ne pas méconnaître d’éventuelles carences nutritionnelles, notamment calcique. The milk sugar lactose is a disaccharide, which is hydrolyzed in the intestine by the brush border enzyme lactase in free glucose and galactose to be absorbed by the small bowel wall. Low lactase activity allows undigested lactose to reach the colon where the anaerobic activity of bacteria yields different products. These are principally short chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane, responsible for symptoms mainly consisting in abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea. Lactase deficiency may be genetically mediated or acquired after weaning or secondary to diseases injuring the small bowel mucosa, such as celiac disease, enteritis or Crohn's disease. Lactose malabsorption is due to lactase deficiency and its clinical expression is lactose intolerance: in clinical practice, lactose malabsorption is diagnosed by the hydrogen breath test (HBT) that should be accompanied by the collection of intolerance symptoms possibly provoked by HBT. The treatment is lactose avoidance/reduction in the diet: this approach could be reserved to symptomatic patient (“intolerants”). Dietetic advice should aim to ensure nutritional adequacy of the diet and to avoid nutritional deficiencies, in particular due to a lower calcium intake.
AbstractList Le lactose, principal sucre du lait, est un disaccharide dont l’absorption au niveau de l’intestin grêle est dépendante de son hydrolyse en glucose et galactose par la lactase, enzyme présente au niveau de la bordure en brosse des entérocytes. En cas de déficit de cette enzyme, le lactose non hydrolysé est métabolisé par la flore bactérienne anaérobie du côlon. Les métabolites générés, acides gras à courte chaîne, hydrogène, dioxyde de carbone et méthane, sont retenus responsables des symptômes tels que douleur abdominale, météorisme, flatulence, diarrhée. Le déficit en lactase peut être d’origine congénitale, d’origine primaire acquise ou d’origine acquise secondaire à des pathologies lésant la muqueuse intestinale. La malabsorption du lactose est la conséquence de l’hypolactasie dont l’expression clinique est l’intolérance au lactose : dans la pratique clinique courante, la malabsorption est diagnostiquée grâce au test respiratoire à l’hydrogène après ingestion de lactose, qui doit être couplé au recueil des symptômes d’intolérance éventuellement provoqués par ce test. Le traitement repose sur l’exclusion ou la réduction du lactose de l’alimentation, traitement qui doit être réservé aux sujets symptomatiques (« intolérants »). Un suivi diététique est souhaitable afin de ne pas méconnaître d’éventuelles carences nutritionnelles, notamment calcique. The milk sugar lactose is a disaccharide, which is hydrolyzed in the intestine by the brush border enzyme lactase in free glucose and galactose to be absorbed by the small bowel wall. Low lactase activity allows undigested lactose to reach the colon where the anaerobic activity of bacteria yields different products. These are principally short chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane, responsible for symptoms mainly consisting in abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea. Lactase deficiency may be genetically mediated or acquired after weaning or secondary to diseases injuring the small bowel mucosa, such as celiac disease, enteritis or Crohn's disease. Lactose malabsorption is due to lactase deficiency and its clinical expression is lactose intolerance: in clinical practice, lactose malabsorption is diagnosed by the hydrogen breath test (HBT) that should be accompanied by the collection of intolerance symptoms possibly provoked by HBT. The treatment is lactose avoidance/reduction in the diet: this approach could be reserved to symptomatic patient (“intolerants”). Dietetic advice should aim to ensure nutritional adequacy of the diet and to avoid nutritional deficiencies, in particular due to a lower calcium intake.
Author Schneider, Stéphane
Dainese-Plichon, Raffaella
Piche, Thierry
Hébuterne, Xavier
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Issue 1
Keywords Lactase
Test respiratoire à l’hydrogène
Diarrhée
Hypolactasia
Diarrhea
Hypolactasie
Hydrogen breath test
Pathologie de l'intestin
Appareil digestif
Glucose
Absorption
Homme
Malabsorption intestinale
Hydrolyse
Sucre
Test respiratoire à l'hydrogène
Bordure en brosse
Bactériose
Lait
Enzyme
Dioside
Déficit
Pathologie de l'appareil digestif
Glycosylases
Infection
Glucide
Lactose
Glycosidases
Entérocyte
Hydrolases
Lipide
Galactose
Intestin grêle
Language French
License CC BY 4.0
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Snippet Le lactose, principal sucre du lait, est un disaccharide dont l’absorption au niveau de l’intestin grêle est dépendante de son hydrolyse en glucose et...
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elsevier
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StartPage 46
SubjectTerms Autres maladies. Sémiologie
Diarrhea
Diarrhée
Estomac. Duodénum. Intestin grêle. Côlon. Rectum. Anus
Gastroenterologie. Foie. Pancreas. Abdomen
Hydrogen breath test
Hypolactasia
Hypolactasie
Lactase
Sciences biologiques et medicales
Sciences medicales
Test respiratoire à l’hydrogène
Title Malabsorption et intolérance au lactose chez l’adulte
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nupar.2013.12.002
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