Malabsorption et intolérance au lactose chez l’adulte
Le lactose, principal sucre du lait, est un disaccharide dont l’absorption au niveau de l’intestin grêle est dépendante de son hydrolyse en glucose et galactose par la lactase, enzyme présente au niveau de la bordure en brosse des entérocytes. En cas de déficit de cette enzyme, le lactose non hydrol...
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Published in | Nutrition clinique et métabolisme Vol. 28; no. 1; pp. 46 - 51 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | French |
Published |
Paris
Elsevier SAS
01.02.2014
Arnette |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0985-0562 1768-3092 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.nupar.2013.12.002 |
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Abstract | Le lactose, principal sucre du lait, est un disaccharide dont l’absorption au niveau de l’intestin grêle est dépendante de son hydrolyse en glucose et galactose par la lactase, enzyme présente au niveau de la bordure en brosse des entérocytes. En cas de déficit de cette enzyme, le lactose non hydrolysé est métabolisé par la flore bactérienne anaérobie du côlon. Les métabolites générés, acides gras à courte chaîne, hydrogène, dioxyde de carbone et méthane, sont retenus responsables des symptômes tels que douleur abdominale, météorisme, flatulence, diarrhée. Le déficit en lactase peut être d’origine congénitale, d’origine primaire acquise ou d’origine acquise secondaire à des pathologies lésant la muqueuse intestinale. La malabsorption du lactose est la conséquence de l’hypolactasie dont l’expression clinique est l’intolérance au lactose : dans la pratique clinique courante, la malabsorption est diagnostiquée grâce au test respiratoire à l’hydrogène après ingestion de lactose, qui doit être couplé au recueil des symptômes d’intolérance éventuellement provoqués par ce test. Le traitement repose sur l’exclusion ou la réduction du lactose de l’alimentation, traitement qui doit être réservé aux sujets symptomatiques (« intolérants »). Un suivi diététique est souhaitable afin de ne pas méconnaître d’éventuelles carences nutritionnelles, notamment calcique.
The milk sugar lactose is a disaccharide, which is hydrolyzed in the intestine by the brush border enzyme lactase in free glucose and galactose to be absorbed by the small bowel wall. Low lactase activity allows undigested lactose to reach the colon where the anaerobic activity of bacteria yields different products. These are principally short chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane, responsible for symptoms mainly consisting in abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea. Lactase deficiency may be genetically mediated or acquired after weaning or secondary to diseases injuring the small bowel mucosa, such as celiac disease, enteritis or Crohn's disease. Lactose malabsorption is due to lactase deficiency and its clinical expression is lactose intolerance: in clinical practice, lactose malabsorption is diagnosed by the hydrogen breath test (HBT) that should be accompanied by the collection of intolerance symptoms possibly provoked by HBT. The treatment is lactose avoidance/reduction in the diet: this approach could be reserved to symptomatic patient (“intolerants”). Dietetic advice should aim to ensure nutritional adequacy of the diet and to avoid nutritional deficiencies, in particular due to a lower calcium intake. |
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AbstractList | Le lactose, principal sucre du lait, est un disaccharide dont l’absorption au niveau de l’intestin grêle est dépendante de son hydrolyse en glucose et galactose par la lactase, enzyme présente au niveau de la bordure en brosse des entérocytes. En cas de déficit de cette enzyme, le lactose non hydrolysé est métabolisé par la flore bactérienne anaérobie du côlon. Les métabolites générés, acides gras à courte chaîne, hydrogène, dioxyde de carbone et méthane, sont retenus responsables des symptômes tels que douleur abdominale, météorisme, flatulence, diarrhée. Le déficit en lactase peut être d’origine congénitale, d’origine primaire acquise ou d’origine acquise secondaire à des pathologies lésant la muqueuse intestinale. La malabsorption du lactose est la conséquence de l’hypolactasie dont l’expression clinique est l’intolérance au lactose : dans la pratique clinique courante, la malabsorption est diagnostiquée grâce au test respiratoire à l’hydrogène après ingestion de lactose, qui doit être couplé au recueil des symptômes d’intolérance éventuellement provoqués par ce test. Le traitement repose sur l’exclusion ou la réduction du lactose de l’alimentation, traitement qui doit être réservé aux sujets symptomatiques (« intolérants »). Un suivi diététique est souhaitable afin de ne pas méconnaître d’éventuelles carences nutritionnelles, notamment calcique.
The milk sugar lactose is a disaccharide, which is hydrolyzed in the intestine by the brush border enzyme lactase in free glucose and galactose to be absorbed by the small bowel wall. Low lactase activity allows undigested lactose to reach the colon where the anaerobic activity of bacteria yields different products. These are principally short chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane, responsible for symptoms mainly consisting in abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea. Lactase deficiency may be genetically mediated or acquired after weaning or secondary to diseases injuring the small bowel mucosa, such as celiac disease, enteritis or Crohn's disease. Lactose malabsorption is due to lactase deficiency and its clinical expression is lactose intolerance: in clinical practice, lactose malabsorption is diagnosed by the hydrogen breath test (HBT) that should be accompanied by the collection of intolerance symptoms possibly provoked by HBT. The treatment is lactose avoidance/reduction in the diet: this approach could be reserved to symptomatic patient (“intolerants”). Dietetic advice should aim to ensure nutritional adequacy of the diet and to avoid nutritional deficiencies, in particular due to a lower calcium intake. |
Author | Schneider, Stéphane Dainese-Plichon, Raffaella Piche, Thierry Hébuterne, Xavier |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mmm_2020_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00223_015_0062_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nupar_2015_03_002 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nupar_2016_04_008 crossref_primary_10_1016_S1773_035X_18_30208_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu13072434 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nupar_2019_09_002 crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11233861 |
Cites_doi | 10.1056/NEJM199507063330101 10.1056/NEJM199507063330111 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01834.x 10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820 10.1111/apt.12006 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328356689a 10.1007/BF01317083 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718086 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03557.x 10.3109/00365529409091740 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00973.x 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90854-9 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182889f0f 10.3109/00365529409091744 10.1007/s10620-008-0443-3 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.03.027 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03889.x 10.1007/978-1-4757-0620-8_1 10.1093/hmg/4.4.657 10.1080/07853890903121033 |
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Keywords | Lactase Test respiratoire à l’hydrogène Diarrhée Hypolactasia Diarrhea Hypolactasie Hydrogen breath test Pathologie de l'intestin Appareil digestif Glucose Absorption Homme Malabsorption intestinale Hydrolyse Sucre Test respiratoire à l'hydrogène Bordure en brosse Bactériose Lait Enzyme Dioside Déficit Pathologie de l'appareil digestif Glycosylases Infection Glucide Lactose Glycosidases Entérocyte Hydrolases Lipide Galactose Intestin grêle |
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start-page: 657 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.nupar.2013.12.002_bib0030 article-title: The lactase persistence/non-persistence polymorphism is controlled by a cis-acting element publication-title: Hum Mol Genet doi: 10.1093/hmg/4.4.657 – volume: 41 start-page: 568 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.nupar.2013.12.002_bib0035 article-title: Molecular genetics of human lactase deficiencies publication-title: Ann Med doi: 10.1080/07853890903121033 – volume: 15 start-page: 588 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.nupar.2013.12.002_bib0020 article-title: Lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance-related symptoms in adult healthy subjects from western France publication-title: Gastroenterol Clin Biol |
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SubjectTerms | Autres maladies. Sémiologie Diarrhea Diarrhée Estomac. Duodénum. Intestin grêle. Côlon. Rectum. Anus Gastroenterologie. Foie. Pancreas. Abdomen Hydrogen breath test Hypolactasia Hypolactasie Lactase Sciences biologiques et medicales Sciences medicales Test respiratoire à l’hydrogène |
Title | Malabsorption et intolérance au lactose chez l’adulte |
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