Psychometric properties of the stages of change for sedentary behavior scale: Testing the validity and reliability among workers

The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the stages of change for sedentary behavior scale among workers. The participants were 2400 Japanese workers aged 20-59 years (male: 50.0%, mean age: 40.4±10.8 years) recruited from research company. With an internet-bas...

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Published inJapanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine Vol. 74; no. 2; pp. 137 - 144
Main Authors Ishii, Kaori, Oka, Koichiro, Shibata, Ai, Maruyama, Satoshi, Hosokawa, Yoshino
Format Journal Article
LanguageJapanese
Published The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 01.04.2025
一般社団法人日本体力医学会
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0039-906X
1881-4751
DOI10.7600/jspfsm.74.137

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Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the stages of change for sedentary behavior scale among workers. The participants were 2400 Japanese workers aged 20-59 years (male: 50.0%, mean age: 40.4±10.8 years) recruited from research company. With an internet-based survey, the stages of change for sedentary behavior, total sitting time (min/day), socio-demographic characteristics, health-related characteristics and work-related characteristics were obtained. “Too much sitting” was defined as sitting or lying down for a total of 8 hours or more per day on average. Participants were categorized into one of 5 stages based on their present status for “too much sitting” and motivational readiness for reducing sedentary behavior. For the criterion validity, a one-way analysis of variance was utilized to compare the total sitting time among the 5 stages. To assess the test-retest reliability, randomly-selected 200 workers answered the scale again two weeks later. Then, the Kappa index (k) was calculated. As results, the means of total sitting time were significantly distinguished across the stages [F (4, 2395) =111.5, p<0.001, η2=0.16]. Participants in early stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation) had significantly longer sitting time than those in the Maintenance (Precontemplation>Contemplation, Preparation>Action, Maintenance) (p<0.001). The scale to assess the readiness to reduce sedentary time has shown good 2-week test-retest reliability (k=0.64). These results suggest that the developed scale presented good validity and reliability to assess the motivational readiness for reducing prolonged sedentary behavior among Japanese workers.
AbstractList The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the stages of change for sedentary behavior scale among workers. The participants were 2400 Japanese workers aged 20-59 years (male: 50.0%, mean age: 40.4±10.8 years) recruited from research company. With an internet-based survey, the stages of change for sedentary behavior, total sitting time (min/day), socio-demographic characteristics, health-related characteristics and work-related characteristics were obtained. “Too much sitting” was defined as sitting or lying down for a total of 8 hours or more per day on average. Participants were categorized into one of 5 stages based on their present status for “too much sitting” and motivational readiness for reducing sedentary behavior. For the criterion validity, a one-way analysis of variance was utilized to compare the total sitting time among the 5 stages. To assess the test-retest reliability, randomly-selected 200 workers answered the scale again two weeks later. Then, the Kappa index (k) was calculated. As results, the means of total sitting time were significantly distinguished across the stages [F (4, 2395) =111.5, p<0.001, η2=0.16]. Participants in early stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation) had significantly longer sitting time than those in the Maintenance (Precontemplation>Contemplation, Preparation>Action, Maintenance) (p<0.001). The scale to assess the readiness to reduce sedentary time has shown good 2-week test-retest reliability (k=0.64). These results suggest that the developed scale presented good validity and reliability to assess the motivational readiness for reducing prolonged sedentary behavior among Japanese workers.
Author Hosokawa, Yoshino
Oka, Koichiro
Ishii, Kaori
Shibata, Ai
Maruyama, Satoshi
Author_FL 石井 香織
丸山 哲
岡 浩一朗
柴田 愛
細川 佳能
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Cites_doi 10.1007/BF02884958
10.1038/s41569-021-00547-y
10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021690
10.5993/AJHB.39.5.2
10.1093/occmed/kqad142
10.1123/jpah.6.6.790
10.2307/2529310
10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1
10.5432/ijshs.IJSHS20070313
10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101439
10.1348/135910708X368991
10.1136/bmj.l4570
10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094201
10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2174
10.1136/bjsports-2024-108146
10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
10.1097/JOM.0000000000001270
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一般社団法人日本体力医学会
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References 26) Kitayama A, Koohsari MJ, Ishii K, Shibata A, Oka K. Sedentary time in a nationally representative sample of adults in Japan: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Prev Med Rep 23: 101439, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101439.
4) Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, de Sá TH, Smith AD, Sharp SJ, Edwards P, Woodcock J, Brage S, Wijndaele K. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 33: 811-829, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1.
12) 経済産業省. 健康経営の推進について, 2024. https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/mono_info_service/healthcare/downloadfiles/240328kenkoukeieigaiyou.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日
24) van der Ploeg HP, Chey T, Korda RJ, Banks E, Bauman A. Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults. Arch Intern Med 172: 494-500, 2012. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2174.
2) Owen N, Healy GN, Dempsey PC, Salmon J, Timperio A, Clark BK, Goode AD, Koorts H, Ridgers ND, Hadgraft NT, Lambert G, Eakin EG, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW. Sedentary Behavior and Public Health: Integrating the Evidence and Identifying Potential Solutions. Annu Rev Public Health 41: 265-287, 2020. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094201.
1) Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, Saunders TJ, Carson V, Latimer-Cheung AE, Chastin SFM, Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJM; SBRN Terminology Consensus Project Participants. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14: 75, 2017. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8.
3) Dunstan DW, Dogra S, Carter SE, Owen N. Sit less and move more for cardiovascular health: emerging insights and opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 18: 637-648, 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00547-y.
9) Kurita S, Shibata A, Ishii K, Koohsari MJ, Owen N, Oka K. Patterns of objectively assessed sedentary time and physical activity among Japanese workers: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open 9: e021690, 2019. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021690.
16) 岡 浩一朗:運動行動の変容段階尺度の信頼性および妥当性-中年者を対象にした検討-, 健康支援, 5: 15-22, 2003.
29) Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33: 159-174, 1977. doi: 10.2307/2529310.
14) Armitage CJ. Is there utility in the transtheoretical model? Br J Health Psychol 14(Pt 2): 195-210, 2009. doi: 10.1348/135910708X368991.
6) 厚生労働省. 健康づくりのための身体活動・運動ガイド2023, 2023. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10904750/001171393.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日
25) Cohen J. The analysis of variance, statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, (2), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, NJ, USA, 286-287, 1988.
8) Lin CY, Shibata A, Ishii K, Koohsari MJ, Hadgraft N, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Oka K. Reallocating desk workers’ sitting time to standing or stepping: associations with work performance. Occup Med (Lond) 73: 575-580, 2023. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqad142.
7) Ishii K, Shibata A, Oka K. Work engagement, productivity, and self-reported work-related sedentary behavior among Japanese adults: A cross-sectional study. J Occup Environ Med 60: e173-e177, 2018. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001270.
15) Marcus BH, Bock BC, Pinto BM, Forsyth LH, Roberts MB, Traficante RM. Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally tailored physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med 20: 174-180, 1998. doi: 10.1007/BF02884958.
10) United States Department of Labor Occupational Requirements Survey, 2019. https://www.bls.gov/ors/factsheet/sit and stand.htm(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日
20) Bull FC, Maslin TS, Armstrong T. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. J Phys Act Health 6: 790-804, 2009. doi: 10.1123/jpah.6.6.790.
21) 日本身体活動研究プラットフォーム. 世界標準化身体活動質問票 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; GPAQ). paplatform.umin.jp/doc/gpaq.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日
19) Han H, Gabriel KP, Kohl HW. Evaluations of validity and reliability of a transtheoretical model for sedentary behavior among college students. Am J Health Behav 39: 601-609, 2015. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.39.5.2.
11) Eurostat. Persons performing physical activity when working by type of activity, educational attainment level, sex and age, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_hch05/default/table?lang=en%20(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日
17) 山脇加菜子, 原田和弘, 李 恩兒, 岡 浩一朗, 中村好男:ウォーキング行動の変容ステージとセルフ・エフィカシー尺度の開発-30-49歳を対象としたインターネット調査による横断研究-, 日本健康教育学会誌, 17: 87-96, 2009.
27) Koohsari MJ, Kaczynski AT, Yasunaga A, Hanibuchi T, Nakaya T, McCormack GR, Oka K. Active workplace design: Current gaps and future pathways. Br J Sports Med 2024 (Online ahead of print). doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108146.
23) Ekelund U, Tarp J, Steene-Johannessen J, Hansen BH, Jefferis B, Fagerland MW, Whincup P, Diaz KM, Hooker SP, Chernofsky A, Larson MG, Spartano N, Vasan RS, Dohrn IM, Hagströmer M, Edwardson C, Yates T, Shiroma E, Anderssen SA, Lee IM. Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ 366: l4570, 2019. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4570.
28) 金森 悟, 甲斐裕子, 山口大輔, 辻 大士, 渡邉良太, 近藤克則:高齢者における運動行動の変容ステージ別の歩行時間の関連要因:JAGES2019横断研究, 日本公衆衛生雑誌, 69: 861-873, 2022.
13) Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot 12: 38-48, 1997. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38.
5) 柴田 愛, 石井香織, 安永明智, 宮脇梨奈, 小﨑恵生, クサリ・ジャヴァッド, 岡 浩一朗:世界各国における座位行動指針の策定動向, 運動疫学研究, 25: 74-82, 2023.
22) 日本身体活動研究プラットフォーム. 世界標準化身体活動質問票(GPAQ)解析の手引き. http://paplatform.umin.jp/doc/gpaq_guide.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日)
18) Harada K, Oka K, Shibata A, Ota A, Okada J, Nakamura Y. Factors associated with the stages of change for strength training behavior. Int J Sport Health Sci 6: 251-263, 2008. doi: 10.5432/ijshs.IJSHS20070313.
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References_xml – reference: 4) Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, de Sá TH, Smith AD, Sharp SJ, Edwards P, Woodcock J, Brage S, Wijndaele K. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 33: 811-829, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1.
– reference: 16) 岡 浩一朗:運動行動の変容段階尺度の信頼性および妥当性-中年者を対象にした検討-, 健康支援, 5: 15-22, 2003.
– reference: 23) Ekelund U, Tarp J, Steene-Johannessen J, Hansen BH, Jefferis B, Fagerland MW, Whincup P, Diaz KM, Hooker SP, Chernofsky A, Larson MG, Spartano N, Vasan RS, Dohrn IM, Hagströmer M, Edwardson C, Yates T, Shiroma E, Anderssen SA, Lee IM. Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ 366: l4570, 2019. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4570.
– reference: 18) Harada K, Oka K, Shibata A, Ota A, Okada J, Nakamura Y. Factors associated with the stages of change for strength training behavior. Int J Sport Health Sci 6: 251-263, 2008. doi: 10.5432/ijshs.IJSHS20070313.
– reference: 6) 厚生労働省. 健康づくりのための身体活動・運動ガイド2023, 2023. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10904750/001171393.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日)
– reference: 9) Kurita S, Shibata A, Ishii K, Koohsari MJ, Owen N, Oka K. Patterns of objectively assessed sedentary time and physical activity among Japanese workers: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open 9: e021690, 2019. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021690.
– reference: 8) Lin CY, Shibata A, Ishii K, Koohsari MJ, Hadgraft N, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Oka K. Reallocating desk workers’ sitting time to standing or stepping: associations with work performance. Occup Med (Lond) 73: 575-580, 2023. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqad142.
– reference: 11) Eurostat. Persons performing physical activity when working by type of activity, educational attainment level, sex and age, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_hch05/default/table?lang=en%20(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日)
– reference: 22) 日本身体活動研究プラットフォーム. 世界標準化身体活動質問票(GPAQ)解析の手引き. http://paplatform.umin.jp/doc/gpaq_guide.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日)
– reference: 24) van der Ploeg HP, Chey T, Korda RJ, Banks E, Bauman A. Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults. Arch Intern Med 172: 494-500, 2012. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2174.
– reference: 29) Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33: 159-174, 1977. doi: 10.2307/2529310.
– reference: 3) Dunstan DW, Dogra S, Carter SE, Owen N. Sit less and move more for cardiovascular health: emerging insights and opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 18: 637-648, 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00547-y.
– reference: 25) Cohen J. The analysis of variance, statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, (2), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, NJ, USA, 286-287, 1988.
– reference: 2) Owen N, Healy GN, Dempsey PC, Salmon J, Timperio A, Clark BK, Goode AD, Koorts H, Ridgers ND, Hadgraft NT, Lambert G, Eakin EG, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW. Sedentary Behavior and Public Health: Integrating the Evidence and Identifying Potential Solutions. Annu Rev Public Health 41: 265-287, 2020. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094201.
– reference: 14) Armitage CJ. Is there utility in the transtheoretical model? Br J Health Psychol 14(Pt 2): 195-210, 2009. doi: 10.1348/135910708X368991.
– reference: 21) 日本身体活動研究プラットフォーム. 世界標準化身体活動質問票 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; GPAQ). paplatform.umin.jp/doc/gpaq.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日)
– reference: 26) Kitayama A, Koohsari MJ, Ishii K, Shibata A, Oka K. Sedentary time in a nationally representative sample of adults in Japan: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Prev Med Rep 23: 101439, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101439.
– reference: 5) 柴田 愛, 石井香織, 安永明智, 宮脇梨奈, 小﨑恵生, クサリ・ジャヴァッド, 岡 浩一朗:世界各国における座位行動指針の策定動向, 運動疫学研究, 25: 74-82, 2023.
– reference: 13) Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot 12: 38-48, 1997. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38.
– reference: 10) United States Department of Labor Occupational Requirements Survey, 2019. https://www.bls.gov/ors/factsheet/sit and stand.htm(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日)
– reference: 27) Koohsari MJ, Kaczynski AT, Yasunaga A, Hanibuchi T, Nakaya T, McCormack GR, Oka K. Active workplace design: Current gaps and future pathways. Br J Sports Med 2024 (Online ahead of print). doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108146.
– reference: 15) Marcus BH, Bock BC, Pinto BM, Forsyth LH, Roberts MB, Traficante RM. Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally tailored physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med 20: 174-180, 1998. doi: 10.1007/BF02884958.
– reference: 7) Ishii K, Shibata A, Oka K. Work engagement, productivity, and self-reported work-related sedentary behavior among Japanese adults: A cross-sectional study. J Occup Environ Med 60: e173-e177, 2018. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001270.
– reference: 12) 経済産業省. 健康経営の推進について, 2024. https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/mono_info_service/healthcare/downloadfiles/240328kenkoukeieigaiyou.pdf(最終アクセス日2024年11月4日)
– reference: 19) Han H, Gabriel KP, Kohl HW. Evaluations of validity and reliability of a transtheoretical model for sedentary behavior among college students. Am J Health Behav 39: 601-609, 2015. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.39.5.2.
– reference: 20) Bull FC, Maslin TS, Armstrong T. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. J Phys Act Health 6: 790-804, 2009. doi: 10.1123/jpah.6.6.790.
– reference: 28) 金森 悟, 甲斐裕子, 山口大輔, 辻 大士, 渡邉良太, 近藤克則:高齢者における運動行動の変容ステージ別の歩行時間の関連要因:JAGES2019横断研究, 日本公衆衛生雑誌, 69: 861-873, 2022.
– reference: 17) 山脇加菜子, 原田和弘, 李 恩兒, 岡 浩一朗, 中村好男:ウォーキング行動の変容ステージとセルフ・エフィカシー尺度の開発-30-49歳を対象としたインターネット調査による横断研究-, 日本健康教育学会誌, 17: 87-96, 2009.
– reference: 1) Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, Saunders TJ, Carson V, Latimer-Cheung AE, Chastin SFM, Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJM; SBRN Terminology Consensus Project Participants. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14: 75, 2017. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8.
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– ident: 19
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– ident: 16
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  doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqad142
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– ident: 4
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Snippet The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the stages of change for sedentary behavior scale among workers. The...
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StartPage 137
SubjectTerms criterion validity
occupational sitting
test-retest reliability
transtheoretical model
Title Psychometric properties of the stages of change for sedentary behavior scale: Testing the validity and reliability among workers
URI https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspfsm/74/2/74_137/_article/-char/en
https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390584940357106176
Volume 74
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