La femme sportive: Trop ou pas assez d'androgènes?

L'existence d'une tendance hyperandrogénique chez les sportives est une opinion répandue. La compilation de la littérature consacrée à ce sujet pose cependant des problèmes d'interprétation, tenant à la diversité et à la variabilité d'intensité des activités physiques considérées...

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Published inScience & sports Vol. 12; no. 1; pp. 46 - 50
Main Authors Madelenat, P, Chuong, T, Driguez, P, Belaisch, J
Format Journal Article
LanguageFrench
Published Elsevier SAS 1997
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0765-1597
DOI10.1016/S0765-1597(97)80067-6

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Abstract L'existence d'une tendance hyperandrogénique chez les sportives est une opinion répandue. La compilation de la littérature consacrée à ce sujet pose cependant des problèmes d'interprétation, tenant à la diversité et à la variabilité d'intensité des activités physiques considérées, ainsi qu'à la chronologie des prélèvements. Chez les femmes n'ayant pas d'ambitions de compétition, 1 heure d'exercice submaximal augmente de 40 à 50 % la testosterone, avec retour à la normale 4 à 6 heures après l'arrêt. Selon certains, cette élévation de testosterone à l'exercice s'observerait essentiellement en phase folliculaire et serait minime en période lutéale. Selon d'autres, elle ne s'observerait que chez les femmes aménorrhéiques. Chez ces sportives occasionnelles l'entraînement ne modifie pas la testostéronémie. Les données sont différentes pour les sportives de haut niveau. Au décours immédiat d'un exercice de grande intensité, celles-ci présentent une élévation constante et marquée de 195 % de la testosterone plasmatique, de 211 % du cortisol et de 327 % de la prolactine, la FSH ne variant pas et la LH restant stable ou étant diminuée de 30 %. Le retour à la normale s'effectue dans les 6 à 12 heures suivant l'arrêt de l'exercice pour la testosterone, plus lentement pour d'autres paramètres comme le sulfate de déhydroépiandrostérone. En période de compétition intense et répétée, on observe une diminution progressive de la testostérone plasmatique, du rapport testostérone sur sex-hormone binding globuline et du rapport testostérone sur cortisol. En période d'entraînement régulier, sans compétition, la baisse de testosterone est modérée, mais le cortisol augmente. La réascension de la testostéronémie survient dès le ralentissement de l'activité physique, à telle enseigne que le rapport de la testostérone libre sur le cortisol est proposé comme marqueur de l'épuisement musculaire, notamment chez les sportifs de sexe masculin, cette donnée étant moins nette chez les femmes. Les nageuses ont des réponses endocriniennes bien différentes. Chez elles, au décours immédiat d'un effort intense et prolongé, la testosterone décroît de plus du tiers, tandis qu'au décours d'un effort moins intense mais très prolongé elle présente une légère élévation. Les nageuses auraient ainsi une tendance à une hyperandrogénie modérée, expliquée en partie par le fait qu'il s'agit souvent de très jeunes filles possédant un capital adipeux très faible et présentant de fréquentes irrégularités menstruelles. La littérature décrivant toutes ces modifications est donc difficile à synthétiser, et il faut se garder d'interprétations trop simplistes dans un système ou les interactions sont multiples. It is frequently assumed that female athletes are prone to hyperandrogenism. However, literature on this subject is difficult to interpret since exercise protocols and intensities are very heterogeneous, as well as the timings of blood sampling. In women performing only recreative exercise, a 1 hour submaximal exercise increases by 40 to 50% plasma testosterone, and return to baseline is achieved within 4–6 hours after exercise has stopped. For some investigators this increase in testosterone mainly occurs when exercise is performed during the follicular phase and is lower in luteal phase, while others report that this increase can be found only in amenorrheic women. In those women, training does not seem to modify plasma testosterone. The picture is not the same for high level female athletes, in whom high intensity exercise always acutely increases testosterone by 195%, cortisol by 211% and prolactin by 327%, with no change in FSH and marginal changes in LH, which either remains unchanged or decreases by 30%. Return to baseline occurs for testosterone within 6–12 hours after stopping exercise and is further delayed for other hormones such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. During repeated intensive matches, plasma testosterone gradually decreases, as well as sex-hormone binding globulin and the testosterone/cortisol ratio. Regular training is associated with moderate decreases in plasma testosterone, while cortisol increases. There is a reversal of testosterone decrease when physical activity decreases, so that the ratio-free testosterone/cortisol is proposed as a marker of exhaustion, mostly for men, with this point being less demonstrated in women. The endocrine status of female elite swimmers is different from other sports. In these cases, strenuous exercise acutely reduces plasma testosterone by 30% and low intensity prolonged exercise moderately increases testosterone. Thus, swimmers would be prone to some degree of hyperandrogenemia, which is explained in part by the fact that they are generally rather young, and therefore with a low adipose mass and a high frequency of menstrual disorders. Literature on these endocrine modifications is thus rather difficult to summarize, and it is important to avoid oversimplification in such a complex and highly interactive system.
AbstractList L'existence d'une tendance hyperandrogénique chez les sportives est une opinion répandue. La compilation de la littérature consacrée à ce sujet pose cependant des problèmes d'interprétation, tenant à la diversité et à la variabilité d'intensité des activités physiques considérées, ainsi qu'à la chronologie des prélèvements. Chez les femmes n'ayant pas d'ambitions de compétition, 1 heure d'exercice submaximal augmente de 40 à 50 % la testosterone, avec retour à la normale 4 à 6 heures après l'arrêt. Selon certains, cette élévation de testosterone à l'exercice s'observerait essentiellement en phase folliculaire et serait minime en période lutéale. Selon d'autres, elle ne s'observerait que chez les femmes aménorrhéiques. Chez ces sportives occasionnelles l'entraînement ne modifie pas la testostéronémie. Les données sont différentes pour les sportives de haut niveau. Au décours immédiat d'un exercice de grande intensité, celles-ci présentent une élévation constante et marquée de 195 % de la testosterone plasmatique, de 211 % du cortisol et de 327 % de la prolactine, la FSH ne variant pas et la LH restant stable ou étant diminuée de 30 %. Le retour à la normale s'effectue dans les 6 à 12 heures suivant l'arrêt de l'exercice pour la testosterone, plus lentement pour d'autres paramètres comme le sulfate de déhydroépiandrostérone. En période de compétition intense et répétée, on observe une diminution progressive de la testostérone plasmatique, du rapport testostérone sur sex-hormone binding globuline et du rapport testostérone sur cortisol. En période d'entraînement régulier, sans compétition, la baisse de testosterone est modérée, mais le cortisol augmente. La réascension de la testostéronémie survient dès le ralentissement de l'activité physique, à telle enseigne que le rapport de la testostérone libre sur le cortisol est proposé comme marqueur de l'épuisement musculaire, notamment chez les sportifs de sexe masculin, cette donnée étant moins nette chez les femmes. Les nageuses ont des réponses endocriniennes bien différentes. Chez elles, au décours immédiat d'un effort intense et prolongé, la testosterone décroît de plus du tiers, tandis qu'au décours d'un effort moins intense mais très prolongé elle présente une légère élévation. Les nageuses auraient ainsi une tendance à une hyperandrogénie modérée, expliquée en partie par le fait qu'il s'agit souvent de très jeunes filles possédant un capital adipeux très faible et présentant de fréquentes irrégularités menstruelles. La littérature décrivant toutes ces modifications est donc difficile à synthétiser, et il faut se garder d'interprétations trop simplistes dans un système ou les interactions sont multiples. It is frequently assumed that female athletes are prone to hyperandrogenism. However, literature on this subject is difficult to interpret since exercise protocols and intensities are very heterogeneous, as well as the timings of blood sampling. In women performing only recreative exercise, a 1 hour submaximal exercise increases by 40 to 50% plasma testosterone, and return to baseline is achieved within 4–6 hours after exercise has stopped. For some investigators this increase in testosterone mainly occurs when exercise is performed during the follicular phase and is lower in luteal phase, while others report that this increase can be found only in amenorrheic women. In those women, training does not seem to modify plasma testosterone. The picture is not the same for high level female athletes, in whom high intensity exercise always acutely increases testosterone by 195%, cortisol by 211% and prolactin by 327%, with no change in FSH and marginal changes in LH, which either remains unchanged or decreases by 30%. Return to baseline occurs for testosterone within 6–12 hours after stopping exercise and is further delayed for other hormones such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. During repeated intensive matches, plasma testosterone gradually decreases, as well as sex-hormone binding globulin and the testosterone/cortisol ratio. Regular training is associated with moderate decreases in plasma testosterone, while cortisol increases. There is a reversal of testosterone decrease when physical activity decreases, so that the ratio-free testosterone/cortisol is proposed as a marker of exhaustion, mostly for men, with this point being less demonstrated in women. The endocrine status of female elite swimmers is different from other sports. In these cases, strenuous exercise acutely reduces plasma testosterone by 30% and low intensity prolonged exercise moderately increases testosterone. Thus, swimmers would be prone to some degree of hyperandrogenemia, which is explained in part by the fact that they are generally rather young, and therefore with a low adipose mass and a high frequency of menstrual disorders. Literature on these endocrine modifications is thus rather difficult to summarize, and it is important to avoid oversimplification in such a complex and highly interactive system.
Author Belaisch, J
Driguez, P
Chuong, T
Madelenat, P
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Keywords androgènes
running
cortisol
swimming
woman
testosterone
androgens
athlete
course
natation
femme
sport
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Snippet L'existence d'une tendance hyperandrogénique chez les sportives est une opinion répandue. La compilation de la littérature consacrée à ce sujet pose cependant...
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SubjectTerms androgens
androgènes
athlete
cortisol
course
femme
natation
running
sport
swimming
testosterone
woman
Title La femme sportive: Trop ou pas assez d'androgènes?
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0765-1597(97)80067-6
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