Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy

Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in 1971, scientists have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a result, the multitude of current plume variants now...

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Main Author Foulger, Gillian R
Format eBook Book
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford WILEY 2010
Wiley-Blackwell
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
Edition1
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Online AccessGet full text
ISBN1405161485
9781405161480
144432487X
9781444336795
9781444324877
1444336797
DOI10.1002/9781444324860

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Abstract Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in 1971, scientists have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a result, the multitude of current plume variants now amounts to an unfalsifiable hypothesis. In the early 21st century demand became relentless for a theory that can explain melting anomalies in a way that fits the observations naturally and is forward-predictive. From this the Plate hypothesis emerged-the exact inverse of the Plume hypothesis. The Plate hypothesis attributes melting anomalies to shallow effects directly related to plate tectonics. It rejects the hypothesis that surface volcanism is driven by convection in the deep mantle. Earth Science is currently in the midst of the kind of paradigm-challenging debate that occurs only rarely in any field. This volume comprises its first handbook. It reviews the Plate and Plume hypotheses, including a clear statement of the former. Thereafter it follows an observational approach, drawing widely from many volcanic regions in chapters on vertical motions of Earth's crust, magma volumes, time-progressions of volcanism, seismic imaging, mantle temperature and geochemistry. This text: Deals with a paradigm shift in Earth Science - some say the most important since plate tectonics Is analogous to Wegener's The Origin of Continents and Oceans Is written to be accessible to scientists and students from all specialities This book is indispensable to Earth scientists from all specialties who are interested in this new subject. It is suitable as a reference work for those teaching relevant classes, and an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students studying plate tectonics and related topics. Visit Gillian's own website at http://www.mantleplumes.org
AbstractList Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in 1971, scientists have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a result, the multitude of current plume variants now amounts to an unfalsifiable hypothesis. In the early 21st century demand became relentless for a theory that can explain melting anomalies in a way that fits the observations naturally and is forward-predictive. From this the Plate hypothesis emerged-the exact inverse of the Plume hypothesis. The Plate hypothesis attributes melting anomalies to shallow effects directly related to plate tectonics. It rejects the hypothesis that surface volcanism is driven by convection in the deep mantle. Earth Science is currently in the midst of the kind of paradigm-challenging debate that occurs only rarely in any field. This volume comprises its first handbook. It reviews the Plate and Plume hypotheses, including a clear statement of the former. Thereafter it follows an observational approach, drawing widely from many volcanic regions in chapters on vertical motions of Earth's crust, magma volumes, time-progressions of volcanism, seismic imaging, mantle temperature and geochemistry. This text: Deals with a paradigm shift in Earth Science - some say the most important since plate tectonics Is analogous to Wegener's The Origin of Continents and Oceans Is written to be accessible to scientists and students from all specialities This book is indispensable to Earth scientists from all specialties who are interested in this new subject. It is suitable as a reference work for those teaching relevant classes, and an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students studying plate tectonics and related topics. Visit Gillian's own website at http://www.mantleplumes.org
Author Foulger, Gillian R
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Notes Includes bibliographical references (p. [288]-318) and index
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Snippet Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in 1971, scientists have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not confirmed by observation. For...
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SubjectTerms Geophysics
Mantle plumes
Plate tectonics
SubjectTermsDisplay Geophysics
Subtitle a geological controversy
TableOfContents Plates vs. plumes: a geological controversy -- Contents -- Preface -- 1: From plate tectonics to plumes, and back again -- 2: Vertical motions -- 3: Volcanism -- 4: Time progressions and relative fixity of melting anomalies -- 5: Seismology -- 6: Temperature and heat -- 7: Petrology and geochemistry -- 8: Synthesis -- References -- Index -- Colour plate section.
4: Time progressions and relative fixity of melting anomalies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Radiometric dating -- 4.2.2 Earth's palaeomagnetic and spin axes -- 4.2.3 True polar wander -- 4.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis -- 4.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis -- 4.5 Observations -- 4.5.1 Melting anomalies without tracks -- 4.5.2 Short-lived melting anomalies -- 4.5.3 Melting anomalies with long chains that are not time-progressive -- 4.5.4 Melting anomalies with long, time-progressive tracks -- 4.6 Hotspot reference frames -- 4.7 Plume variants -- 4.7.1 "Mantle wind" -- 4.7.2 Other variants -- 4.8 Discussion -- 4.9 Exercises for the student -- 5: Seismology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 Seismology is not a thermometer -- 5.2 Seismological techniques -- 5.2.1 Explosion seismology -- 5.2.2 Tomography -- 5.2.3 Teleseismic tomography -- 5.2.4 Whole-mantle tomography -- 5.2.5 Presenting tomography results -- 5.2.6 Receiver functions -- 5.2.7 Shear-wave splitting -- 5.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis -- 5.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis -- 5.5 Observations -- 5.5.1 Well-studied melting anomalies on extensive land masses -- 5.5.2 Less well-studied melting anomalies in remote regions -- 5.5.3 Structure beneath extinct melting anomalies, and elsewhere -- 5.6 Global observations -- 5.6.1 Whole-mantle tomography -- 5.6.2 Global variations in the transition zone -- 5.6.3 The core-mantle boundary -- 5.7 Plume variants -- 5.8 Discussion -- 5.9 Exercises for the student -- 6: Temperature and heat -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Surface heat loss -- 6.1.2 Subsurface temperature profiles -- 6.1.3 Where is the melt? -- 6.1.4 Temperature and heat -- 6.2 Methods -- 6.2.1 Seismology -- 6.2.2 Petrological and geochemical methods -- 6.2.3 Ocean floor bathymetry -- 6.2.4 Heat flow -- 6.2.5 Heat loss from intrusions and eruptives
Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy -- Contents -- Preface -- 1: From plate tectonics to plumes, and back again -- 1.1 Volcanoes, and exceptional volcanoes -- 1.2 Early beginnings: Continental drift and its rejection -- 1.3 Emergence of the Plume hypothesis -- 1.4 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis -- 1.5 Lists of plumes -- 1.6 Testing plume predictions -- 1.7 A quick tour of Hawaii and Iceland -- 1.8 Moving on: Holism and alternatives -- 1.9 The Plate hypothesis -- 1.10 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis -- 1.11 Testing the Plate hypothesis -- 1.12 Revisiting Hawaii and Iceland -- 1.13 Questions and problems -- 1.14 Exercises for the student -- 2: Vertical motions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis -- 2.3 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis -- 2.4 Comparison of the predictions of the Plume and Plate hypotheses -- 2.5 Observations -- 2.5.1 Classifying melting anomalies -- 2.5.2 Volcanic chains with initial flood basalts -- 2.5.3 Volcanic chains without initial flood basalts -- 2.5.4 Active flood basalt provinces lacking volcanic chains -- 2.5.5 Extinct flood basalt provinces lacking volcanic chains -- 2.5.6 Vertical motions without flood basalt magmatism -- 2.6 Plume variants -- 2.7 Discussion -- 2.8 Exercises for the student -- 3: Volcanism -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Flood basalts and oceanic plateaus -- 3.1.2 Normal or anomalous? -- 3.2 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis -- 3.3 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis -- 3.4 Comparison of the predictions of the Plate and Plume hypotheses -- 3.5 Observations -- 3.5.1 Classifying melting anomalies -- 3.5.2 Large-volume, sustained volcanism -- 3.5.3 Large-volume, brief volcanism -- 3.5.4 Small-volume, sustained volcanism -- 3.5.5 Small-volume, brief volcanism -- 3.6 Plume variants -- 3.7 Discussion -- 3.8 Exercises for the student
6.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis -- 6.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis -- 6.5 Observations -- 6.5.1 Mid-ocean ridges -- 6.5.2 The North Atlantic Igneous Province -- 6.5.3 Hawaii -- 6.5.4 Oceanic plateaus -- 6.5.5 Swells -- 6.6 Variants of the Plume hypothesis -- 6.7 Discussion -- 6.8 Exercises for the student -- 7: Petrology and geochemistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Some basics -- 7.2.1 Tholeiite and alkali basalts -- 7.2.2 Mantle composition and heterogeneity -- 7.2.3 From melt to source rocks -- 7.2.4 Trace elements and rare-earth elements -- 7.2.5 Radiogenic isotope ratios -- 7.2.6 The mantle zoo -- 7.2.7 MORB, OIB, tholeiites and alkali basalt -- 7.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis -- 7.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis -- 7.5 Proposed deep-mantle- and core-mantle-boundary tracers -- 7.5.1 Helium (He) isotope ratios -- 7.5.2 Neon (Ne) isotope ratios -- 7.5.3 The Rhenium-Osmium (Re-Os), Platinum-Osmium (Pt-Os) and Hafnium-Tungsten (Hf-W) isotope systems -- 7.6 A few highlights from melting anomalies -- 7.6.1 Iceland and Greenland -- 7.6.2 The Emperor and Hawaiian chains -- 7.6.3 Flood basalts -- 7.6.4 Back-arc regions -- 7.7 Plume variants -- 7.8 Discussion -- 7.9 Exercises for the student -- 8: Synthesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 In the beginning -- 8.1.2 The rise and fall of plumes -- 8.1.3 The ins and outs: Volume -- 8.1.4 The when and where -- 8.1.5 Redium and blueium -- 8.1.6 Are "hot spots" hot? -- 8.1.7 Chemical messengers -- 8.2 Mantle convection -- 8.3 An unfalsifiable hypothesis -- 8.3.1 Building on sand -- 8.4 Diversity: as moking gun -- 8.5 The need for joined-up science -- 8.6 The future -- 8.7 Exercises for the student -- References -- Index -- Colour plate section
Title Plates vs. plumes
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