Dating rice remains through phytolith carbon-14 study reveals domestication at the beginning of the Holocene
Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undiffer...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 114; no. 25; pp. 6486 - 6491 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
20.06.2017
|
| Series | From the Cover |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0027-8424 1091-6490 1091-6490 |
| DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1704304114 |
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| Abstract | Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene. |
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| AbstractList | Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene.Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene. When the domestication of rice began in its homeland, China, is an enduring and important issue of debate for researchers from many different disciplines. Reliable chronological and robust identification criteria for rice domestication are keys to understanding the issue. Here, we first use phytolith dating to constrain the initial occupation of Shangshan, an important site with early rice remains located in the Lower Yangtze region of China. We then identify the rice phytoliths of Shangshan as partly domesticated based on their morphological characteristics. The results indicate that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan in the Lower Yangtze during the beginning of the Holocene. Phytolith remains of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene. Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene. Phytolith remains of rice ( L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene. |
| Author | Jiang, Leping Yang, Xiaoyan Wang, Can Huan, Xiujia Lu, Houyuan Zhang, Jianping He, Keyang Wu, Naiqin Zuo, Xinxin |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xinxin surname: Zuo fullname: Zuo, Xinxin organization: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Houyuan surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Houyuan organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Leping surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Leping organization: Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Relics and Archaeology, 310014 Hangzhou, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Jianping surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Jianping organization: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Xiaoyan surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Xiaoyan organization: Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Xiujia surname: Huan fullname: Huan, Xiujia organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Keyang surname: He fullname: He, Keyang organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China – sequence: 8 givenname: Can surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Can organization: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China – sequence: 9 givenname: Naiqin surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Naiqin organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28559349$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Notes | SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Author contributions: H.L. and J.Z. designed research; X.Z., H.L., and X.H. performed research; X.Z., L.J., and X.Y. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; X.Z., H.L., J.Z., X.Y., K.H., C.W., and N.W. analyzed data; X.Z., H.L., L.J., X.H., and K.H. collected samples; and X.Z. and H.L. wrote the paper. Edited by Dolores R. Piperno, Smithsonian Institution, Fairfax, VA, and approved April 19, 2017 (received for review March 16, 2017) |
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| Snippet | Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest... When the domestication of rice began in its homeland, China, is an enduring and important issue of debate for researchers from many different disciplines.... Phytolith remains of rice ( L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Age Agriculture - methods Archaeology - methods Carbon 14 Carbon dating Carbon Radioisotopes - chemistry China Contamination Crops, Agricultural - chemistry Cultivation Dating techniques Domestication Fossils Geological time Grain cultivation Holocene Morphology Organic materials Oryza - chemistry Oryza sativa Pottery Preservation Radiocarbon dating Rice Social Sciences |
| Title | Dating rice remains through phytolith carbon-14 study reveals domestication at the beginning of the Holocene |
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