Control Mechanisms for Self‐Sealing in Activated Clay‐Rich Faults Through Controlled Hydraulic Injection Experiment

• Published in: Water resources research Vol. 61; no. 4
• Main Authors: Guglielmi, Yves, Cappa, Frédéric, Shadoan, Tanner, Ajo‐Franklin, Jonathan, Soom, Florian, Lanyon, Bill, Cook, Paul, Hopp, Chet, Rodríguez Tribaldos, Verónica, Robertson, Michelle, Wood, Todd, Ulrich, Craig, Schefer, Senecio, Nussbaum, Christophe, Birkholzer, Jens
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.04.2025; American Geophysical Union; Wiley
• Subjects: Activated clay; Boreholes; Clay; Clay minerals; Compaction; Continuous fibers; Earth Sciences; Evolution; Experiments; fault; Fault lines; Fault zones; Fluid injection; Fluid pressure; Geophysics; Injection; long‐term; Optical fibers; Optical fibres; plastic shear; Plastics; Pressure; Sciences of the Universe; Sealing; Sedimentary rocks; self‐sealing; Shale; Shear; Shearing; Swelling; Switzerland; Transmissivity; water; Switzerland
• ISSN: 0043-1397; 1944-7973; 1944-7973
• DOI: 10.1029/2024WR037595

In a high‐pressure injection fault activation experiment conducted at the Mont Terri underground research laboratory in Switzerland, the transmissivity of the Opalinus Clay fault significantly increased due to opening and shearing. The fluid injection, spanning a few hours, generated a 10 m radius fault activation patch. Subsequent pressure pulse tests conducted bi‐weekly for a year revealed the gradual return of fault transmissivity to its initial state. The study utilized fluid pressure decay analysis, optical fiber monitoring, continuous active source seismic measurements and borehole displacement sensors for measuring fault displacements. The fault zone exhibited a dilation of approximately 1.4 mm, associated with both normal and tangential movements during activation, resulting in a sudden transmissivity increase from 1 × 10−12 to 3.2 × 10−7 m2/s. Early post‐activation, transient compaction and the subsequent slow compaction were observed, transitioning to an extension regime. The pressure pulse tests demonstrated a rapid transmissivity drop by more than two orders of magnitude within the first 10 days, followed by a gradual and less pronounced decrease. Plastic shear and compaction dominated the transmissivity evolution until 70 days after injection ended, followed by a period where additional factors, such as clay mineral swelling, influenced the behavior. Extrapolation suggested a sealing process taking at least 50 years after the initial activation. Plain Language Summary A field‐scale fault activation experiment offers valuable insights into the elasto‐plastic processes governing the sealing of shale faults. The experiment reveals a rapid increase in the fault's transmissivity by approximately five orders of magnitude during activation. Subsequent observations show a gradual transmissivity decrease by about three orders of magnitude post‐activation, with slow long‐term plastic shear and compaction of the fault competing against secondary processes, notably clay mineral swelling. All conceptual models employed to interpret these field data converge on the estimation that the fault's return to its initial low transmissivity state would require a minimum of 50 years. Key Points High‐pressure injection fault activation experiment at the Mont Terri underground research laboratory Continuous transmissivity measurements record self‐sealing inside a clay‐rich fault zone Transmissivity undergoes a phase of domination by slow plastic compaction and shearing during the initial post‐activation period, with mineral swelling exerting its influence over the long term