Fundamentals of Infrared and Visible Detector Operation and Testing

• Main Authors: Vincent, John David, Hodges, Steve, Vampola, John, Stegall, Mark, Pierce, Greg
• Format: eBook
• Language: English
• Published: Newark Wiley 2015; John Wiley & Sons; John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated; Wiley-Blackwell
• Edition: 2
• Series: Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics
• Subjects: Aerospace; Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies; Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems; Computing and Processing; Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics; Infrared detectors; Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation; Optical detectors; Photonics and Electrooptics; Signal Processing and Analysis; Testing Methods; Transportation; intrusion alarms; electronics; The Testing Process; Optics; Fourier Transforms; Vacuum; Thermal Detectors; Cryogenics; Readout Integrated Circuits (ROICs); Radiometry; Classical Photon Detectors; Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs); motion detectors; radiometric calculations; Modern Photon Detectors; Single Detector Assemblies; Small Arrays; Test Equipment; Focal Plane Assemblies; Test Set; fire sensors; Electronics for ROIC Operation; detector mechanisms; Fourier Methods for Detectors; Single Element Detector Assemblies and Small Arrays
• ISBN: 1118094883; 9781118094884; 1119011876; 9781119011873
• DOI: 10.1002/9781119011897

This book presents a comprehensive introduction to the selection, operation, and testing of infrared devices, including a description of modern detector assemblies and their operation This book discusses how to use and test infrared and visible detectors. The book provides a convenient refe...

Table of Contents:

• Foreword ix Preface xiii About the Companion Website xv UNIT I DETECTOR BASICS 1 1 Introduction and Overview 3 2 Radiometry 25 3 Thermal Detectors: Mechanisms, Operation, and Performance 85 4 Classical Photon Detectors: Simple Photoconductor and Photovoltaics 105 5 Modern Photon Detectors 149 UNIT II DETECTOR ASSEMBLIES 171 6 Single Detector Assemblies and Small Arrays 173 7 Readout Integrated Circuits 191 8 Electronics for FPA Operation 237 UNIT III TESTING 257 9 Test Equipment 259 10 Detector Testing 315 UNIT IV RELATED SKILLS 379 11 Measurements and Uncertainty 381 12 Cryogenics 407 13 Vacuum 441 14 Optics and Optical Materials 469 15 Fourier Analysis of Detector Problems 507 Appendix A – Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 549 Index 553
• Title Page About the Companion Website Preface Table of Contents Unit I. Detector Basics 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Radiometry 3. Thermal Detectors: Mechanisms, Operation, and Performance 4. Classical Photon Detectors: Simple Photoconductor and Photovoltaics 5. Modern Photon Detectors Unit II. Detector Assemblies 6. Single Detector Assemblies and Small Arrays 7. Readout Integrated Circuits 8. Electronics for FPA Operation Unit III. Testing 9. Test Equipment 10. Detector Testing Unit IV. Related Skills 11. Measurements and Uncertainty 12. Cryogenics 13. Vacuum 14. Optics and Optical Materials 15. Fourier Analysis of Detector Problems Appendix A: Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms Index
• Chapter 6: Single Detector Assemblies and Small Arrays -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Detector Types -- 6.3 Applications -- 6.4 Required Electronic Functions -- 6.5 Mechanical Issues -- 6.6 Testing -- 6.7 The Future -- 6.8 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 7: Readout Integrated Circuits -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Functions Within the ROIC -- 7.3 Unit Cell Preamplifier Families -- 7.4 ROIC Figures of Merit and Testing -- 7.5 ROIC Calibration, Noise, and Nonlinearity -- 7.6 Handling of ROICs -- 7.7 Commisioning A Custom ROIC -- 7.8 Sources of Additional Information -- Reference -- Chapter 8: Electronics for FPA Operation -- 8.1 Starting Point and FPA Architecture -- 8.2 FPA Drive Signals -- 8.3 Outputs -- 8.4 Output Capture -- 8.5 Dedicated Electronics Versus Test Electronics -- 8.6 The Dewar and FPA Mounting -- 8.7 Setup and Test of an FPA -- Part III: Testing -- Chapter 9: Test Equipment -- 9.1 Types of Test Setups -- 9.2 Design and Documentation -- 9.3 Sources -- 9.4 Dewars and Chambers -- 9.5 Between The Source and The Detector -- 9.6 The Radiometric Calibration Problem -- 9.7 Electronics -- 9.8 Software -- 9.9 Test Set Evaluation and Troubleshooting -- 9.10 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 10: Detector Testing -- 10.1 Preparation -- 10.2 Nature of The "Raw Data" -- 10.3 Measurement of General Detector Characteristics -- 10.4 Testing Unique to FPAs -- 10.5 "Other Tests" - Special Situations -- 10.6 Calibration of The UUT -- 10.7 Test Reports -- 10.8 Testing in Other Spectral Regions: X-Rays, UV, Visible -- 10.9 The Future -- 10.10 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Part IV: Related Skills -- Chapter 11: Measurements and Uncertainty -- 11.1 Measurements1 -- 11.2 Experimental Error -- 11.3 Estimating Uncertainties -- 11.4 Probability -- 11.5 Propagation of Errors
• 11.6 Reporting Uncertainties -- 11.7 The Ethics of Scientific Work -- 11.8 Overall Test Task -- 11.9 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 12: Cryogenics -- 12.1 Cryogens -- 12.2 Thermal Properties of Solids -- 12.3 Dewar Design -- 12.4 Refrigerators -- 12.5 Temperature Measurement -- 12.6 Cryogenics and Safety -- 12.7 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 13: Vacuum -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Gauges -- 13.3 Pumps -- 13.4 Pumping Dynamics -- 13.5 Leaks -- 13.6 Adequate Vacuum for Test Dewars -- 13.7 Vacuum and Safety -- 13.8 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 14: Optics and Optical Materials -- 14.1 Infrared Optical Materials -- 14.2 Geometrical Optics -- 14.3 Reflectance and Transmittance -- 14.4 Interference Effects -- 14.5 Diffraction -- 14.6 Lenses -- 14.7 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 15: Fourier Analysis of Detector Problems -- 15.1 Introduction and Preliminaries -- 15.2 Aids to Application of the Fourier Transforms -- 15.3 Discussion and Examples of Fourier Transforms -- 15.4 Complications Associated with Real Data -- 15.5 Fourier Methods for Real Data - The DFT and FFT -- 15.6 The Transfer Function and Its Application -- 15.7 Correlation and Convolution -- 15.8 Other Applications of the Fourier Processes -- 15.9 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Appendix A: Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms -- Index -- Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics -- End User License Agreement
• Intro -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Companion Website -- Part I: Detector Basics -- Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation -- 1.2 Heat Transfer -- 1.3 Thermal Detectors -- 1.4 Planck's Law -- 1.5 Waves and Photons -- 1.6 Quantum (Photon) Detectors Versus Thermal Detectors -- 1.7 Detectors as Transducers -- 1.8 Detector Parameters: Definitions -- 1.9 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 2: Radiometry -- 2.1 The General Problem and Our Approach -- 2.2 Spectral Content -- 2.3 Spatial Integral -- 2.4 Time Dependence (Modulation) -- 2.5 Examples and Cases of Special Interest -- 2.6 Fortran Computer Code for Radiometric Calculations -- 2.7 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 3: Thermal Detectors: Mechanisms, Operation, and Performance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Performance Predictions -- 3.3 Specific Thermal Detectors -- 3.4 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Chapter 4: Classical Photon Detectors: Simple Photoconductor and Photovoltaics -- 4.1 Bandgap and Spectral Response of Photon Detectors -- 4.2 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3 Classical Detectors -- 4.4 Detector Materials and Choice Between PC and PV Devices -- 4.5 Photocurrent and Responsivity: First-Order Predictions -- 4.6 Noise: First-Order Prediction -- 4.7 Composite Figures of Merit -- 4.8 Better Detector Models -- 4.9 Detector Operation -- 4.10 Front-End Electronics: Bias Control and Load Line -- References -- Chapter 5: Modern Photon Detectors -- 5.1 Detector Materials -- 5.2 PC Detectors and Simple Variations -- 5.3 PV Detectors and Variants -- 5.4 Structures Using Lattice-Engineered Materials -- 5.5 Sources of Additional Information -- References -- Part II: Detector Assemblies