The Highest Peaks of the Mountains: Comparing the Use of GNSS, LiDAR Point Clouds, DTMs, Databases, Maps, and Historical Sources

Advances in remote data acquisition techniques have contributed to the flooding of society with spatial data sets and information. Widely available spatial data sets, including digital terrain models (DTMs) from aerial laser scanning (ALS) data, are finding more and more new applications. The articl...

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Published inEnergies Vol. 14; no. 18; p. 5731
Main Authors Szombara, Stanisław, Róg, Marta, Kozioł, Krystian, Maciuk, Kamil, Skorupa, Bogdan, Kudrys, Jacek, Lepeška, Tomáš, Apollo, Michal
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 11.09.2021
Subjects
Accuracy
Algorithms
Altitude
data quality
DTM
Geographic information systems
GNSS
LiDAR
Mountains
Navigation systems
Popularity
Robots
Smartphones
T
Technology
Topography
Tourism
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1996-1073
1996-1073
DOI10.3390/en14185731

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Summary:Advances in remote data acquisition techniques have contributed to the flooding of society with spatial data sets and information. Widely available spatial data sets, including digital terrain models (DTMs) from aerial laser scanning (ALS) data, are finding more and more new applications. The article analyses and compares the heights of the 14 highest peaks of the Polish Carpathians derived from different data sources. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) geodetic measurements were used as reference. The comparison primarily involves ALS data, and selected peaks’ GNSS measurements carried out with Xiaomi Mi 8 smartphones were also compared. Recorded raw smartphone GNSS measurements were used for calculations in post-processing mode. Other data sources were, among others, global and local databases and models and topographic maps (modern and old). The article presents an in-depth comparison of Polish and Slovak point clouds for two peaks. The results indicate the possible use of large-area laser scanning in determining the maximum heights of mountain peaks and the need to use geodetic GNSS measurements for selected peaks. For the Polish peak of Rysy, the incorrect classification of point clouds causes its height to be overestimated. The conclusions presented in the article can be used in the dissemination of knowledge and to improve positioning methods.
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ISSN:1996-1073
1996-1073
DOI:10.3390/en14185731