Investigation of CRISPR-Independent Phage Resistance Mechanisms Reveals a Role for FtsH in Phage Adsorption to Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infect...
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| Published in | Journal of bacteriology Vol. 205; no. 6; p. e0048222 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Society for Microbiology
27.06.2023
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-9193 1098-5530 1098-5530 |
| DOI | 10.1128/jb.00482-22 |
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| Abstract | Streptococcus thermophilus
is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research.
Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for
Streptococcus thermophilus
when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that
S. thermophilus
strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell.
IMPORTANCE
Streptococcus thermophilus
is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. One such mechanism is CRISPR-Cas, and
S. thermophilus
is a model organism for the study of this form of adaptive immunity. Here, we expand on known mechanisms with our finding that spontaneous mutations in
ftsH
, a gene encoding a membrane-anchored protease, protected against phage infection by disrupting phage adsorption. In turn, mutations in phage tail protein genes allowed phages to overcome
ftsH
-based resistance. Our results identified components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for Streptococcus thermophilus when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that S. thermophilus strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell.
Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. One such mechanism is CRISPR-Cas, and S. thermophilus is a model organism for the study of this form of adaptive immunity. Here, we expand on known mechanisms with our finding that spontaneous mutations in
, a gene encoding a membrane-anchored protease, protected against phage infection by disrupting phage adsorption. In turn, mutations in phage tail protein genes allowed phages to overcome
-based resistance. Our results identified components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host. Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for Streptococcus thermophilus when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that S. thermophilus strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. One such mechanism is CRISPR-Cas, and S. thermophilus is a model organism for the study of this form of adaptive immunity. Here, we expand on known mechanisms with our finding that spontaneous mutations in ftsH , a gene encoding a membrane-anchored protease, protected against phage infection by disrupting phage adsorption. In turn, mutations in phage tail protein genes allowed phages to overcome ftsH -based resistance. Our results identified components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host. Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for Streptococcus thermophilus when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that S. thermophilus strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. One such mechanism is CRISPR-Cas, and S. thermophilus is a model organism for the study of this form of adaptive immunity. Here, we expand on known mechanisms with our finding that spontaneous mutations in ftsH , a gene encoding a membrane-anchored protease, protected against phage infection by disrupting phage adsorption. In turn, mutations in phage tail protein genes allowed phages to overcome ftsH -based resistance. Our results identified components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host. Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for Streptococcus thermophilus when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that S. thermophilus strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. One such mechanism is CRISPR-Cas, and S. thermophilus is a model organism for the study of this form of adaptive immunity. Here, we expand on known mechanisms with our finding that spontaneous mutations in ftsH, a gene encoding a membrane-anchored protease, protected against phage infection by disrupting phage adsorption. In turn, mutations in phage tail protein genes allowed phages to overcome ftsH-based resistance. Our results identified components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host.Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for Streptococcus thermophilus when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that S. thermophilus strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. One such mechanism is CRISPR-Cas, and S. thermophilus is a model organism for the study of this form of adaptive immunity. Here, we expand on known mechanisms with our finding that spontaneous mutations in ftsH, a gene encoding a membrane-anchored protease, protected against phage infection by disrupting phage adsorption. In turn, mutations in phage tail protein genes allowed phages to overcome ftsH-based resistance. Our results identified components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host. Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for Streptococcus thermophilus when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that S. thermophilus strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell. Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust immune system and appears to be the predominant means of survival for Streptococcus thermophilus when facing lytic phage infection, other forms of phage resistance coexist in this species. Here, we show that S. thermophilus strains with deleted CRISPR-Cas loci can still give rise to phage-resistant clones following lytic phage challenge. Notably, non-CRISPR phage-resistant survivors had multiple mutations which would truncate or recode a membrane-anchored host protease, FtsH. Phage adsorption was dramatically reduced in FtsH mutants, implicating this protein in phage attachment. Phages were isolated which could bypass FtsH-based resistance through mutations predicted to alter tape measure protein translation. Together, these results identify key components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host cell. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus thermophilus is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research. One such mechanism is CRISPR-Cas, and S. thermophilus is a model organism for the study of this form of adaptive immunity. Here, we expand on known mechanisms with our finding that spontaneous mutations in ftsH, a gene encoding a membrane-anchored protease, protected against phage infection by disrupting phage adsorption. In turn, mutations in phage tail protein genes allowed phages to overcome ftsH-based resistance. Our results identified components in phage propagation that are subject to mutation in the molecular arms race between phage and host. |
| Author | Terns, Michael P. Johnson, Katie A. Garrett, Sandra C. Kim, Jenny G. Olson, Sara Philippe, Cecile Graveley, Brenton R. Wei, Yunzhou |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sandra C. surname: Garrett fullname: Garrett, Sandra C. organization: Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Cecile surname: Philippe fullname: Philippe, Cecile organization: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Jenny G. surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Jenny G. organization: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Yunzhou surname: Wei fullname: Wei, Yunzhou organization: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Katie A. surname: Johnson fullname: Johnson, Katie A. organization: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Sara surname: Olson fullname: Olson, Sara organization: Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Brenton R. surname: Graveley fullname: Graveley, Brenton R. organization: Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Michael P. orcidid: 0000-0001-8330-1789 surname: Terns fullname: Terns, Michael P. organization: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37255445$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | tape measure protein CRISPR FtsH Streptococcus thermophilus phage |
| Language | English |
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| Snippet | Streptococcus thermophilus
is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed... Prokaryotes are under constant pressure from phage infection and thus have evolved multiple means of defense or evasion. While CRISPR-Cas constitutes a robust... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adsorption Bacteria Bacteriology Bacteriophages - genetics CRISPR CRISPR-Cas Systems Immune system Mutation Peptide Hydrolases - genetics Phages Prokaryotes Proteins Research Article Streptococcus infections Streptococcus Phages - genetics Streptococcus thermophilus Streptococcus thermophilus - genetics |
| Title | Investigation of CRISPR-Independent Phage Resistance Mechanisms Reveals a Role for FtsH in Phage Adsorption to Streptococcus thermophilus |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37255445 https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.00482-22 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2830951623 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2821342561 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC10294649 |
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