Social Monkeys Learn More Slowly: Social Network Centrality and Age Are Positively Related to Learning Errors by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] Apella)

The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manip...

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Published inCanadian journal of experimental psychology Vol. 74; no. 3; pp. 228 - 234
Main Authors Berhane, Juliana F., Gazes, Regina Paxton
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Ottawa Educational Publishing Foundation 01.09.2020
Canadian Psychological Association
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISBN1433894092
9781433894091
ISSN1196-1961
1878-7290
1878-7290
DOI10.1037/cep0000202

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Abstract The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. La demande cognitive sur les animaux qui consiste à apprendre, maintenir et se souvenir des complexités des relations sociales est théoriquement plus élevée pour les personnes qui vivent des vies sociales plus complexes. Des recherches antérieures ont suggéré que la capacité cognitive à apprendre et à manipuler l'information avec souplesse peut augmenter avec une complexité sociale accrue, tant au sein de l'espèce qu'entre les espèces. Dans cette étude, nous avons déterminé la relation entre la complexité sociale et la performance cognitive sur deux tests connexes d'apprentissage général : l'apprentissage associatif et l'apprentissage inversé. Les sujets étaient 16 membres d'un groupe socialement hébergé de singes capucins bruns (Cebus [Satajus] apella). Un score d'apprentissage général a été extrait d'une analyse de composante principale sur le taux d'apprentissage à travers 5 répétitions de chacune des 2 tâches. La complexité de la vie sociale de chaque singe était caractérisée par son rôle central dans le réseau social de toilettage du groupe. Les scores d'apprentissage généralisés étaient prédits en fonction de l'âge et de la centralisation dans le réseau, mais contrairement aux prédictions, les singes plus âgés et les singes ayant un rôle plus central dans le réseau ont fait plus d'erreurs. Les études à venir portant sur des capacités cognitives spécifiques qui sont théoriquement liées à des résultats spécifiques à l'espèce en matière de forme physique et de comportement, plutôt qu'à des catégories cognitives étendues comme l'apprentissage, seront essentielles pour clarifier la relation entre la cognition et la complexité sociale. Public Significance Statement Monkeys that were more central to the social network of their group made more errors on two related learning tasks. This contrasts with predictions that monkeys that live more complex social lives would learn faster, and suggests that there may be cognitive trade-offs between learning and more socially relevant cognitive abilities.
AbstractList The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey’s social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
Animals that are better able to learn and remember information about their social group may have a selective advantage, manifested as increased social or reproductive success (Ashton, Ridley, Edwards, & Thornton, 2018; Thornton, Isden, & Madden, 2014). [...]the cognitive demand to learn and remember the complexities of social relationships may have resulted in the evolution of faster and more flexible learning mechanisms in species with more complex social lives (Ashton et al., 2018; Bond, Wei, & Kamil, 2010; MacLean, Merritt, & Brannon, 2008). [...]we thank Damien Farine for heroic assistance with our network permutation analysis. Social network centrality has been linked to health and fitness consequences, with animals that are more central showing increased dominance rank position (Gilby et al., 2013), lower long-term cortisol levels (Schrock, Leard, Lutz, Meyer, & Gazes, 2019), increased reproductive output (Gilby et al., 2013), and higher infant survival rates (Brent et al., 2013). Both tasks test an individual's general learning ability (in addition to other taskspecific cognitive processes), a foundational cognitive process behind any social relationship. [...]it is expected that a subject who shows few errors to criterion on the associative learning task would also show few errors to criterion on the reversal learning task, resulting in shared variance in performance on these two tasks.
The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. La demande cognitive sur les animaux qui consiste à apprendre, maintenir et se souvenir des complexités des relations sociales est théoriquement plus élevée pour les personnes qui vivent des vies sociales plus complexes. Des recherches antérieures ont suggéré que la capacité cognitive à apprendre et à manipuler l'information avec souplesse peut augmenter avec une complexité sociale accrue, tant au sein de l'espèce qu'entre les espèces. Dans cette étude, nous avons déterminé la relation entre la complexité sociale et la performance cognitive sur deux tests connexes d'apprentissage général : l'apprentissage associatif et l'apprentissage inversé. Les sujets étaient 16 membres d'un groupe socialement hébergé de singes capucins bruns (Cebus [Satajus] apella). Un score d'apprentissage général a été extrait d'une analyse de composante principale sur le taux d'apprentissage à travers 5 répétitions de chacune des 2 tâches. La complexité de la vie sociale de chaque singe était caractérisée par son rôle central dans le réseau social de toilettage du groupe. Les scores d'apprentissage généralisés étaient prédits en fonction de l'âge et de la centralisation dans le réseau, mais contrairement aux prédictions, les singes plus âgés et les singes ayant un rôle plus central dans le réseau ont fait plus d'erreurs. Les études à venir portant sur des capacités cognitives spécifiques qui sont théoriquement liées à des résultats spécifiques à l'espèce en matière de forme physique et de comportement, plutôt qu'à des catégories cognitives étendues comme l'apprentissage, seront essentielles pour clarifier la relation entre la cognition et la complexité sociale. Public Significance Statement Monkeys that were more central to the social network of their group made more errors on two related learning tasks. This contrasts with predictions that monkeys that live more complex social lives would learn faster, and suggests that there may be cognitive trade-offs between learning and more socially relevant cognitive abilities.
Author Gazes, Regina Paxton
Berhane, Juliana F.
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IssueTitle Comparative Cognition and Cognitive Ecology
Keywords reversal learning
apprentissage associatif
associative learning
cognition
information centrality
social network analysis
apprentissage inversé
centralisation de l'information
analyse des réseaux sociaux
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SSID ssj0010341
Score 2.2718885
Snippet The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more...
Animals that are better able to learn and remember information about their social group may have a selective advantage, manifested as increased social or...
SourceID proquest
crossref
apa
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 228
SubjectTerms Animal
Animal Cognition
Animal Learning
Animal reproduction
Cognitive Ability
Contextual Associations
Evolution
Laboratory animals
Monkeys
Principal components analysis
Reversal Shift Learning
Social Networks
Species Differences
Title Social Monkeys Learn More Slowly: Social Network Centrality and Age Are Positively Related to Learning Errors by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] Apella)
URI http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/cep/74/3/228
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