Social Monkeys Learn More Slowly: Social Network Centrality and Age Are Positively Related to Learning Errors by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] Apella)
The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manip...
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| Published in | Canadian journal of experimental psychology Vol. 74; no. 3; pp. 228 - 234 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Ottawa
Educational Publishing Foundation
01.09.2020
Canadian Psychological Association |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISBN | 1433894092 9781433894091 |
| ISSN | 1196-1961 1878-7290 1878-7290 |
| DOI | 10.1037/cep0000202 |
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| Abstract | The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity.
La demande cognitive sur les animaux qui consiste à apprendre, maintenir et se souvenir des complexités des relations sociales est théoriquement plus élevée pour les personnes qui vivent des vies sociales plus complexes. Des recherches antérieures ont suggéré que la capacité cognitive à apprendre et à manipuler l'information avec souplesse peut augmenter avec une complexité sociale accrue, tant au sein de l'espèce qu'entre les espèces. Dans cette étude, nous avons déterminé la relation entre la complexité sociale et la performance cognitive sur deux tests connexes d'apprentissage général : l'apprentissage associatif et l'apprentissage inversé. Les sujets étaient 16 membres d'un groupe socialement hébergé de singes capucins bruns (Cebus [Satajus] apella). Un score d'apprentissage général a été extrait d'une analyse de composante principale sur le taux d'apprentissage à travers 5 répétitions de chacune des 2 tâches. La complexité de la vie sociale de chaque singe était caractérisée par son rôle central dans le réseau social de toilettage du groupe. Les scores d'apprentissage généralisés étaient prédits en fonction de l'âge et de la centralisation dans le réseau, mais contrairement aux prédictions, les singes plus âgés et les singes ayant un rôle plus central dans le réseau ont fait plus d'erreurs. Les études à venir portant sur des capacités cognitives spécifiques qui sont théoriquement liées à des résultats spécifiques à l'espèce en matière de forme physique et de comportement, plutôt qu'à des catégories cognitives étendues comme l'apprentissage, seront essentielles pour clarifier la relation entre la cognition et la complexité sociale.
Public Significance Statement
Monkeys that were more central to the social network of their group made more errors on two related learning tasks. This contrasts with predictions that monkeys that live more complex social lives would learn faster, and suggests that there may be cognitive trade-offs between learning and more socially relevant cognitive abilities. |
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| AbstractList | The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey’s social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract) Animals that are better able to learn and remember information about their social group may have a selective advantage, manifested as increased social or reproductive success (Ashton, Ridley, Edwards, & Thornton, 2018; Thornton, Isden, & Madden, 2014). [...]the cognitive demand to learn and remember the complexities of social relationships may have resulted in the evolution of faster and more flexible learning mechanisms in species with more complex social lives (Ashton et al., 2018; Bond, Wei, & Kamil, 2010; MacLean, Merritt, & Brannon, 2008). [...]we thank Damien Farine for heroic assistance with our network permutation analysis. Social network centrality has been linked to health and fitness consequences, with animals that are more central showing increased dominance rank position (Gilby et al., 2013), lower long-term cortisol levels (Schrock, Leard, Lutz, Meyer, & Gazes, 2019), increased reproductive output (Gilby et al., 2013), and higher infant survival rates (Brent et al., 2013). Both tasks test an individual's general learning ability (in addition to other taskspecific cognitive processes), a foundational cognitive process behind any social relationship. [...]it is expected that a subject who shows few errors to criterion on the associative learning task would also show few errors to criterion on the reversal learning task, resulting in shared variance in performance on these two tasks. The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved). The cognitive demand on animals to learn, maintain, and remember the complexities of social relationships is theoretically higher for individuals who live more complex social lives. Previous research has suggested that both across and within species, the cognitive ability to flexibly learn and manipulate information may increase with increased social complexity. In this study, we determined the relationship between social complexity and cognitive performance on 2 related tests of general learning: associative learning and reversal learning. Subjects were 16 members of a socially housed group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella). A general learning score was extracted from a principal component analysis on learning rate across 5 repetitions of each of the 2 tasks. The complexity of each monkey's social life was characterised by their centrality in the grooming social network of the group. Generalised learning scores were predicted by age and network centrality, but in contrast to predictions, older monkeys and monkeys that were more central to the network made more errors. Future studies focusing on specific cognitive abilities that are theoretically linked to species-specific fitness and behavioural outcomes, rather than broad cognitive categories like learning, will be essential for clarifying the relationship between cognition and social complexity. La demande cognitive sur les animaux qui consiste à apprendre, maintenir et se souvenir des complexités des relations sociales est théoriquement plus élevée pour les personnes qui vivent des vies sociales plus complexes. Des recherches antérieures ont suggéré que la capacité cognitive à apprendre et à manipuler l'information avec souplesse peut augmenter avec une complexité sociale accrue, tant au sein de l'espèce qu'entre les espèces. Dans cette étude, nous avons déterminé la relation entre la complexité sociale et la performance cognitive sur deux tests connexes d'apprentissage général : l'apprentissage associatif et l'apprentissage inversé. Les sujets étaient 16 membres d'un groupe socialement hébergé de singes capucins bruns (Cebus [Satajus] apella). Un score d'apprentissage général a été extrait d'une analyse de composante principale sur le taux d'apprentissage à travers 5 répétitions de chacune des 2 tâches. La complexité de la vie sociale de chaque singe était caractérisée par son rôle central dans le réseau social de toilettage du groupe. Les scores d'apprentissage généralisés étaient prédits en fonction de l'âge et de la centralisation dans le réseau, mais contrairement aux prédictions, les singes plus âgés et les singes ayant un rôle plus central dans le réseau ont fait plus d'erreurs. Les études à venir portant sur des capacités cognitives spécifiques qui sont théoriquement liées à des résultats spécifiques à l'espèce en matière de forme physique et de comportement, plutôt qu'à des catégories cognitives étendues comme l'apprentissage, seront essentielles pour clarifier la relation entre la cognition et la complexité sociale. Public Significance Statement Monkeys that were more central to the social network of their group made more errors on two related learning tasks. This contrasts with predictions that monkeys that live more complex social lives would learn faster, and suggests that there may be cognitive trade-offs between learning and more socially relevant cognitive abilities. |
| Author | Gazes, Regina Paxton Berhane, Juliana F. |
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| Copyright | 2020 Canadian Psychological Association 2020, Canadian Psychological Association. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved. Copyright Canadian Psychological Association Sep 2020 |
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| SubjectTerms | Animal Animal Cognition Animal Learning Animal reproduction Cognitive Ability Contextual Associations Evolution Laboratory animals Monkeys Principal components analysis Reversal Shift Learning Social Networks Species Differences |
| Title | Social Monkeys Learn More Slowly: Social Network Centrality and Age Are Positively Related to Learning Errors by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] Apella) |
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