The Acute Affective Response of Type A Behaviour Pattern Individuals to Competitive and Noncompetitive Exercise
Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP ) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort...
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Published in | Canadian journal of behavioural science Vol. 35; no. 1; pp. 25 - 34 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Ottawa
Canadian Psychological Association
01.01.2003
Educational Publishing Foundation |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0008-400X 1879-2669 |
DOI | 10.1037/h0087183 |
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Abstract | Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern (
TABP
) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising
TABP
individuals. Results indicated that
TABP
individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for
TABP
individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise.
L'exercice a des effets prononcés bénéfiques sur l'humeur; cependant, pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A les effets positifs de l'exercice sur l'humeur peuvent ne pas être uniformes compte tenu de leur tendance à percevoir les situations d'exercice comme étant une compétition. Cette étude a examiné si la compétition (et l'effort qui s'ensuit) influence la réaction affective des individus ayant un comportement de type A lorsqu'ils font de l'exercice. Les résultats indiquent que les individus ayant un comportement de type A qui font de l'exercice dans une condition compétitive ont une réaction affective moins favorable que ceux dans une condition non compétitive. Les effets sont les plus apparents pour l'affect général, la dépression et la colèe et moins notables pour l'anxiété chronique. Il y a une tendance pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A dans la condition non compétitive à manifester des bénéfices affectifs tandis que l'affect de ceux dans la condition compétitive ont tendance à ne pas être influencés par l'exercice. |
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AbstractList | Hardy, McMurray, and Roberts (1989) conducted an important study addressing both the emotional and psychophysiological reactivity that TABP individuals may show in response to varying intensities of exercise. Both the TABP and non-TARP subjects cycled 40, 60, and 80% of their aerobic capacity (i.e., VOz max). Interestingly, they found that when exercising at moderate intensities (40 and 60%) TABP individuals showed better mood than non-TABP subjects. However, at the higher intensity (80%) the pattern reversed itself. This finding seems to suggest that at lower exercise intensities TABP individuals may maintain a sense of control and consequently feel better emotionally, while at greater intensity levels they may feel less control over the situation and, in turn, experience an increase in negative affect. These findings also support the salience of challenge to TABP individuals. That is, it seems possible that the higher intensity exercise was perceived by the TABP individuals as more challenging and stressful, which may have led to more negative affective reactivity. Situational factors interact with TABP to influence the expression of behaviour, physiology, and psychology. This is noteworthy because the distinguishing features of TABP may not present themselves in innocuous situations, but may be prevalent in those perceived to be competitive, challenging, or confrontational. Competitive striving has always been a central component of the TABP, and TABP individuals seem prone to interpret situations as more competitive than do non-TABP persons (Matthews & Siegel, 1983; Matthews & Volkin, 1981; Rosenman, 1990; Spence, Helmreich, & Pred, 1987). This may be particularly true when the standards for excellent or winning performance are ambiguous (Matthews, 1982). Thus, the TABP person is likely to believe and act as if in competition with others in situations where the others are, in fact, not competing. This tendency may be particularly relevant in the area of exercise and may also be associated with an extrinsic motivational orientation that leads the TABP individuals to experience increased pressure and tension while exercising (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Koivula & Hassmen, 1998). Thus, TABP individuals seem to seek out situations that embody challenge and competition, yet may experience greater levels of negative affective reactivity. The present study provides support for the conclusion reached by Hardy et al. (1989) that the psychological effects of exercise may be moderated by an interaction of behavioural style (i.e., TABP) and situational challenge, in this case competitive instruction. Specifically, Hardy et al. (1989) found that at moderate levels of exercise, TABP participants experienced psychological benefit, but at the higher levels the benefits were lessened. Similarly, in this study it was found that TABP participants in the noncompetitive condition, who also exercised at less intensity, experienced more psychological benefit than those in the competitive condition. It appears that for TABP individuals, noncompetitive exercise may be enjoyable and bring about the psychological benefits that have become expected from exercise, but that perceived competitive exercise elicits characteristics of the TABP that lead to a reduction or blocking of these effects. This is in keeping with previous empirical research and theoretical writing that suggest individuals predisposed to the TABP are more likely to display Type A characteristics in situations defined as competitive, and they are more likely to perceive situations as competitive. Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising TABP individuals. Results indicated that TABP individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for TABP individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise. L'exercice a des effets prononcés bénéfiques sur l'humeur; cependant, pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A les effets positifs de l'exercice sur l'humeur peuvent ne pas être uniformes compte tenu de leur tendance à percevoir les situations d'exercice comme étant une compétition. Cette étude a examiné si la compétition (et l'effort qui s'ensuit) influence la réaction affective des individus ayant un comportement de type A lorsqu'ils font de l'exercice. Les résultats indiquent que les individus ayant un comportement de type A qui font de l'exercice dans une condition compétitive ont une réaction affective moins favorable que ceux dans une condition non compétitive. Les effets sont les plus apparents pour l'affect général, la dépression et la colèe et moins notables pour l'anxiété chronique. Il y a une tendance pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A dans la condition non compétitive à manifester des bénéfices affectifs tandis que l'affect de ceux dans la condition compétitive ont tendance à ne pas être influencés par l'exercice. Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP ) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising TABP individuals. Results indicated that TABP individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for TABP individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise. L'exercice a des effets prononcés bénéfiques sur l'humeur; cependant, pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A les effets positifs de l'exercice sur l'humeur peuvent ne pas être uniformes compte tenu de leur tendance à percevoir les situations d'exercice comme étant une compétition. Cette étude a examiné si la compétition (et l'effort qui s'ensuit) influence la réaction affective des individus ayant un comportement de type A lorsqu'ils font de l'exercice. Les résultats indiquent que les individus ayant un comportement de type A qui font de l'exercice dans une condition compétitive ont une réaction affective moins favorable que ceux dans une condition non compétitive. Les effets sont les plus apparents pour l'affect général, la dépression et la colèe et moins notables pour l'anxiété chronique. Il y a une tendance pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A dans la condition non compétitive à manifester des bénéfices affectifs tandis que l'affect de ceux dans la condition compétitive ont tendance à ne pas être influencés par l'exercice. Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising TABP individuals. The sample were 70 university students (aged 18-35 yrs). Results indicated that TABP individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for TABP individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) |
Author | Shearer, David S Lacaille, Rick A Masters, Kevin S |
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publication-title: Journal of Sport Psychology – volume: 62 start-page: 43 year: 1989 end-page: 50 article-title: Meta-analyses of the reliability of Type A behavior measures publication-title: British Journal of Medical Psychology – volume: 55 start-page: 178 year: 1993 end-page: 184 article-title: Psychophysiological responses to exercise in Type A/B men publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 29 start-page: 265 year: 1985 end-page: 274 article-title: Development of a brief self-report measure of the Type A (coronary prone) behavior pattern publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 5 start-page: 45 year: 1986 end-page: 69 article-title: The Montreal Type A intervention project: Major findings publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 29 start-page: 265 year: 1985 end-page: 274 article-title: Development of a brief self-report measure of the Type A (coronary prone) behavior pattern publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 26 start-page: 851 year: 1994 end-page: 856 article-title: The public health burdens of sedentary living habits: Theoretical but realistic estimates publication-title: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise – volume: 29 start-page: 265 year: 1985 end-page: 274 article-title: Development of a brief self-report measure of the Type A (coronary prone) behavior pattern publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 25 start-page: 418 year: 1991 end-page: 433 article-title: Type A behavior and reminiscence in college undergraduates publication-title: Journal of Research in Personality – volume: 69 start-page: 373 year: 1999 end-page: 380 article-title: Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition – volume: 122 start-page: 559 year: 1985 end-page: 570 article-title: The MRFIT behavior pattern study II. Type A behavior and incidence of coronary heart disease publication-title: American Journal of Epidemiology – volume: 11 start-page: 141 year: 1989 end-page: 151 article-title: A/B Types and psychophysiological responses to exercise stress publication-title: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology – volume: 5 start-page: 1 year: 1990 end-page: 24 article-title: Type A behavior pattern: A personal overview publication-title: Journal of Social Behavior and Personality – volume: 282 start-page: 1547 year: 1999 end-page: 1553 article-title: Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 9 start-page: 401 year: 1986 end-page: 414 article-title: The reliability of the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Medicine – volume: 62 start-page: 43 year: 1989 end-page: 50 article-title: Meta-analyses of the reliability of Type A behavior measures publication-title: British Journal of Medical Psychology – volume: 5 start-page: 45 year: 1986 end-page: 69 article-title: The Montreal Type A intervention project: Major findings publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 72 start-page: 522 year: 1987 end-page: 528 article-title: Impatience versus achievement strivings in the Type A pattern: Differential effects on students' health and academic achievement publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 60 start-page: 595 year: 1992 end-page: 604 article-title: Type A behavior pattern: New perspectives on theory, assessment, and intervention publication-title: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology – volume: 282 start-page: 1547 year: 1999 end-page: 1553 article-title: Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 122 start-page: 559 year: 1985 end-page: 570 article-title: The MRFIT behavior pattern study II. Type A behavior and incidence of coronary heart disease publication-title: American Journal of Epidemiology – volume: 40 start-page: 906 year: 1981 end-page: 918 article-title: The Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and reactions to uncontrollable stress: An analysis of performance strategies, affect, and attributions during failure publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 21 start-page: 148 year: 1998 end-page: 166 article-title: Type A/B behavior pattern and athletic participation: Attitudes and actual behavior publication-title: Journal of Sport Behavior – volume: 20 start-page: 267 year: 2001 end-page: 275 article-title: Exercise duration and mood state: How much is enough to feel better? publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 11 start-page: 1 year: 1987 end-page: 17 article-title: Modification of Type A behavior through aerobic exercise publication-title: Motivation and Emotion – volume: 31 start-page: S646 year: 1999 end-page: S662 article-title: Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: Current evidence and research issues publication-title: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise – volume: 14 start-page: 350 year: 1995 end-page: 359 article-title: Effects of baseline responses, in-task feelings, and duration of activity on exercise-induced feeling states in women publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 262 start-page: 2395 year: 1989 end-page: 2401 article-title: Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and women publication-title: Journal of American Medical Association – volume: 26 start-page: 643 year: 1986 end-page: 649 article-title: Change in Type A behaviour a year after retirement publication-title: Gerontologist – volume: 72 start-page: 522 year: 1987 end-page: 528 article-title: Impatience versus achievement strivings in the Type A pattern: Differential effects on students' health and academic achievement publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 262 start-page: 2395 year: 1989 end-page: 2401 article-title: Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and women publication-title: Journal of American Medical Association – volume: 262 start-page: 2395 year: 1989 end-page: 2401 article-title: Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and women publication-title: Journal of American Medical Association – volume: 26 start-page: 643 year: 1986 end-page: 649 article-title: Change in Type A behaviour a year after retirement publication-title: Gerontologist – volume: 19 start-page: 135 year: 1983 end-page: 140 article-title: Type A behaviors by children, social comparison and standards for self-evaluation publication-title: Developmental Psychology – volume: 282 start-page: 1547 year: 1999 end-page: 1553 article-title: Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 262 start-page: 2395 year: 1989 end-page: 2401 article-title: Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and women publication-title: Journal of American Medical Association – volume: 282 start-page: 1547 year: 1999 end-page: 1553 article-title: Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 62 start-page: 43 year: 1989 end-page: 50 article-title: Meta-analyses of the reliability of Type A behavior measures publication-title: British Journal of Medical Psychology – volume: 118 start-page: 361 year: 1978 end-page: 364 article-title: Noncompliance in an exercise rehabilitation program for men who have suffered a myocardial infarction publication-title: Canadian Medical Association Journal – volume: 112 start-page: 155 year: 1992 end-page: 159 article-title: A power primer publication-title: Psychological Bulletin – volume: 49 start-page: 13 year: 1978 end-page: 16 article-title: Motivating and educating adults to exercise publication-title: Journal of Physical Education and Recreation – volume: 26 start-page: 851 year: 1994 end-page: 856 article-title: The public health burdens of sedentary living habits: Theoretical but realistic estimates publication-title: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise – volume: 19 start-page: 135 year: 1983 end-page: 140 article-title: Type A behaviors by children, social comparison and standards for self-evaluation publication-title: Developmental Psychology – volume: 55 start-page: 178 year: 1993 end-page: 184 article-title: Psychophysiological responses to exercise in Type A/B men publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 4 start-page: 460 year: 1976 end-page: 466 article-title: The coronary-prone behavior pattern and the suppression of fatigue on a treadmill test publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 11 start-page: 141 year: 1989 end-page: 151 article-title: A/B Types and psychophysiological responses to exercise stress publication-title: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology – volume: 5 start-page: 45 year: 1986 end-page: 69 article-title: The Montreal Type A intervention project: Major findings publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 262 start-page: 2395 year: 1989 end-page: 2401 article-title: Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and women publication-title: Journal of American Medical Association – volume: 26 start-page: 643 year: 1986 end-page: 649 article-title: Change in Type A behaviour a year after retirement publication-title: Gerontologist – volume: 2 start-page: 367 year: 1988 end-page: 379 article-title: Effects of exercise training on psychological functioning in healthy Type A men publication-title: Psychology and Health – volume: 69 start-page: 373 year: 1999 end-page: 380 article-title: Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition – volume: 40 start-page: 123 year: 1996 end-page: 141 article-title: The acute effects of exercise on mood state publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 25 start-page: 418 year: 1991 end-page: 433 article-title: Type A behavior and reminiscence in college undergraduates publication-title: Journal of Research in Personality – volume: 52 start-page: 1283 year: 1981 end-page: 1289 article-title: Efforts to excel and the Type A behavior pattern in children publication-title: Child Development – volume: 29 start-page: 265 year: 1985 end-page: 274 article-title: Development of a brief self-report measure of the Type A (coronary prone) behavior pattern publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 40 start-page: 906 year: 1981 end-page: 918 article-title: The Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and reactions to uncontrollable stress: An analysis of performance strategies, affect, and attributions during failure publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 11 start-page: 1 year: 1987 end-page: 17 article-title: Modification of Type A behavior through aerobic exercise publication-title: Motivation and Emotion – volume: 31 start-page: S646 year: 1999 end-page: S662 article-title: Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: Current evidence and research issues publication-title: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise – volume: 11 start-page: 141 year: 1989 end-page: 151 article-title: A/B Types and psychophysiological responses to exercise stress publication-title: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology – volume: 9 start-page: 401 year: 1986 end-page: 414 article-title: The reliability of the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Medicine – volume: 50 start-page: 418 year: 1988 end-page: 433 article-title: Exercise training in healthy Type A middle-aged men: Effects on behavioural and cardiovascular responses publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 69 start-page: 373 year: 1999 end-page: 380 article-title: Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition – volume: 282 start-page: 1547 year: 1999 end-page: 1553 article-title: Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 5 start-page: 45 year: 1986 end-page: 69 article-title: The Montreal Type A intervention project: Major findings publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 4 start-page: 460 year: 1976 end-page: 466 article-title: The coronary-prone behavior pattern and the suppression of fatigue on a treadmill test publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 11 start-page: 304 year: 1989 end-page: 317 article-title: Not what, but how one feels: The measurement of affect during exercise publication-title: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology – volume: 20 start-page: 267 year: 2001 end-page: 275 article-title: Exercise duration and mood state: How much is enough to feel better? publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 52 start-page: 410 year: 1988 end-page: 419 article-title: A note on measurement issues in Type A research: Let's not throw out the baby with the bath water publication-title: Journal of Personality – volume: 12 start-page: 433 year: 1994 end-page: 445 article-title: Aerobic exercise and Type A behaviour publication-title: Journal of Sports Sciences – volume: 25 start-page: 418 year: 1991 end-page: 433 article-title: Type A behavior and reminiscence in college undergraduates publication-title: Journal of Research in Personality – volume: 50 start-page: 418 year: 1988 end-page: 433 article-title: Exercise training in healthy Type A middle-aged men: Effects on behavioural and cardiovascular responses publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 50 start-page: 418 year: 1988 end-page: 433 article-title: Exercise training in healthy Type A middle-aged men: Effects on behavioural and cardiovascular responses publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 282 start-page: 1547 year: 1999 end-page: 1553 article-title: Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 12 start-page: 433 year: 1994 end-page: 445 article-title: Aerobic exercise and Type A behaviour publication-title: Journal of Sports Sciences – volume: 14 start-page: 350 year: 1995 end-page: 359 article-title: Effects of baseline responses, in-task feelings, and duration of activity on exercise-induced feeling states in women publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 118 start-page: 361 year: 1978 end-page: 364 article-title: Noncompliance in an exercise rehabilitation program for men who have suffered a myocardial infarction publication-title: Canadian Medical Association Journal – volume: 50 start-page: 418 year: 1988 end-page: 433 article-title: Exercise training in healthy Type A middle-aged men: Effects on behavioural and cardiovascular responses publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 318 start-page: 65 year: 1988 end-page: 69 article-title: Type A behavior and mortality from coronary heart disease publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine – volume: 52 start-page: 410 year: 1988 end-page: 419 article-title: A note on measurement issues in Type A research: Let's not throw out the baby with the bath water publication-title: Journal of Personality – volume: 2 start-page: 367 year: 1988 end-page: 379 article-title: Effects of exercise training on psychological functioning in healthy Type A men publication-title: Psychology and Health – volume: 26 start-page: 643 year: 1986 end-page: 649 article-title: Change in Type A behaviour a year after retirement publication-title: Gerontologist – volume: 118 start-page: 361 year: 1978 end-page: 364 article-title: Noncompliance in an exercise rehabilitation program for men who have suffered a myocardial infarction publication-title: Canadian Medical Association Journal – volume: 7 start-page: 371 year: 1985 end-page: 378 article-title: Perceived exertion: An active or passive process? publication-title: Journal of Sport Psychology – volume: 122 start-page: 559 year: 1985 end-page: 570 article-title: The MRFIT behavior pattern study II. Type A behavior and incidence of coronary heart disease publication-title: American Journal of Epidemiology – volume: 60 start-page: 595 year: 1992 end-page: 604 article-title: Type A behavior pattern: New perspectives on theory, assessment, and intervention publication-title: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology – volume: 5 start-page: 45 year: 1986 end-page: 69 article-title: The Montreal Type A intervention project: Major findings publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 282 start-page: 1547 year: 1999 end-page: 1553 article-title: Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association – volume: 72 start-page: 522 year: 1987 end-page: 528 article-title: Impatience versus achievement strivings in the Type A pattern: Differential effects on students' health and academic achievement publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 14 start-page: 350 year: 1995 end-page: 359 article-title: Effects of baseline responses, in-task feelings, and duration of activity on exercise-induced feeling states in women publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 262 start-page: 2395 year: 1989 end-page: 2401 article-title: Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and women publication-title: Journal of American Medical Association – volume: 318 start-page: 65 year: 1988 end-page: 69 article-title: Type A behavior and mortality from coronary heart disease publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine – volume: 12 start-page: 433 year: 1994 end-page: 445 article-title: Aerobic exercise and Type A behaviour publication-title: Journal of Sports Sciences – volume: 118 start-page: 361 year: 1978 end-page: 364 article-title: Noncompliance in an exercise rehabilitation program for men who have suffered a myocardial infarction publication-title: Canadian Medical Association Journal – volume: 20 start-page: 267 year: 2001 end-page: 275 article-title: Exercise duration and mood state: How much is enough to feel better? publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 55 start-page: 178 year: 1993 end-page: 184 article-title: Psychophysiological responses to exercise in Type A/B men publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 29 start-page: 265 year: 1985 end-page: 274 article-title: Development of a brief self-report measure of the Type A (coronary prone) behavior pattern publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 4 start-page: 460 year: 1976 end-page: 466 article-title: The coronary-prone behavior pattern and the suppression of fatigue on a treadmill test publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 21 start-page: 148 year: 1998 end-page: 166 article-title: Type A/B behavior pattern and athletic participation: Attitudes and actual behavior publication-title: Journal of Sport Behavior – volume: 52 start-page: 1283 year: 1981 end-page: 1289 article-title: Efforts to excel and the Type A behavior pattern in children publication-title: Child Development – volume: 9 start-page: 401 year: 1986 end-page: 414 article-title: The reliability of the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Medicine – volume: 9 start-page: 401 year: 1986 end-page: 414 article-title: The reliability of the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Medicine – volume: 50 start-page: 418 year: 1988 end-page: 433 article-title: Exercise training in healthy Type A middle-aged men: Effects on behavioural and cardiovascular responses publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 5 start-page: 351 year: 1976 end-page: 379 article-title: Integrating findings: The meta-analysis of research publication-title: Review of Research in Education – volume: 50 start-page: 418 year: 1988 end-page: 433 article-title: Exercise training in healthy Type A middle-aged men: Effects on behavioural and cardiovascular responses publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 50 start-page: 418 year: 1988 end-page: 433 article-title: Exercise training in healthy Type A middle-aged men: Effects on behavioural and cardiovascular responses publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 5 start-page: 45 year: 1986 end-page: 69 article-title: The Montreal Type A intervention project: Major findings publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 11 start-page: 1 year: 1987 end-page: 17 article-title: Modification of Type A behavior through aerobic exercise publication-title: Motivation and Emotion – volume: 118 start-page: 361 year: 1978 end-page: 364 article-title: Noncompliance in an exercise rehabilitation program for men who have suffered a myocardial infarction publication-title: Canadian Medical Association Journal – volume: 11 start-page: 1 year: 1987 end-page: 17 article-title: Modification of Type A behavior through aerobic exercise publication-title: Motivation and Emotion – volume: 5 start-page: 45 year: 1986 end-page: 69 article-title: The Montreal Type A intervention project: Major findings publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 91 start-page: 293 year: 1982 end-page: 323 article-title: Psychological perspectives on the Type A behavior pattern publication-title: Psychological Bulletin – volume: 14 start-page: 350 year: 1995 end-page: 359 article-title: Effects of baseline responses, in-task feelings, and duration of activity on exercise-induced feeling states in women publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 11 start-page: 304 year: 1989 end-page: 317 article-title: Not what, but how one feels: The measurement of affect during exercise publication-title: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology – volume: 29 start-page: 265 year: 1985 end-page: 274 article-title: Development of a brief self-report measure of the Type A (coronary prone) behavior pattern publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 60 start-page: 613 year: 1992 end-page: 618 article-title: Exercise in behavioral medicine publication-title: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology – volume: 55 start-page: 178 year: 1993 end-page: 184 article-title: Psychophysiological responses to exercise in Type A/B men publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 12 start-page: 433 year: 1994 end-page: 445 article-title: Aerobic exercise and Type A behaviour publication-title: Journal of Sports Sciences |
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Snippet | Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern (
TABP
) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be... Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be... Hardy, McMurray, and Roberts (1989) conducted an important study addressing both the emotional and psychophysiological reactivity that TABP individuals may... Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be... |
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StartPage | 25 |
SubjectTerms | Anger Anxiety Competition Coronary Prone Behavior Depression (Emotion) Emotional Responses Emotional States Exercise Female Human Male Physical fitness Psychological aspects |
Title | The Acute Affective Response of Type A Behaviour Pattern Individuals to Competitive and Noncompetitive Exercise |
URI | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/cbs/35/1/25 https://www.proquest.com/docview/220531319 https://www.proquest.com/docview/614375218 |
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