The Acute Affective Response of Type A Behaviour Pattern Individuals to Competitive and Noncompetitive Exercise

Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP ) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort...

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Published inCanadian journal of behavioural science Vol. 35; no. 1; pp. 25 - 34
Main Authors Masters, Kevin S, Lacaille, Rick A, Shearer, David S
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Ottawa Canadian Psychological Association 01.01.2003
Educational Publishing Foundation
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ISSN0008-400X
1879-2669
DOI10.1037/h0087183

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Abstract Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP ) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising TABP individuals. Results indicated that TABP individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for TABP individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise. L'exercice a des effets prononcés bénéfiques sur l'humeur; cependant, pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A les effets positifs de l'exercice sur l'humeur peuvent ne pas être uniformes compte tenu de leur tendance à percevoir les situations d'exercice comme étant une compétition. Cette étude a examiné si la compétition (et l'effort qui s'ensuit) influence la réaction affective des individus ayant un comportement de type A lorsqu'ils font de l'exercice. Les résultats indiquent que les individus ayant un comportement de type A qui font de l'exercice dans une condition compétitive ont une réaction affective moins favorable que ceux dans une condition non compétitive. Les effets sont les plus apparents pour l'affect général, la dépression et la colèe et moins notables pour l'anxiété chronique. Il y a une tendance pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A dans la condition non compétitive à manifester des bénéfices affectifs tandis que l'affect de ceux dans la condition compétitive ont tendance à ne pas être influencés par l'exercice.
AbstractList Hardy, McMurray, and Roberts (1989) conducted an important study addressing both the emotional and psychophysiological reactivity that TABP individuals may show in response to varying intensities of exercise. Both the TABP and non-TARP subjects cycled 40, 60, and 80% of their aerobic capacity (i.e., VOz max). Interestingly, they found that when exercising at moderate intensities (40 and 60%) TABP individuals showed better mood than non-TABP subjects. However, at the higher intensity (80%) the pattern reversed itself. This finding seems to suggest that at lower exercise intensities TABP individuals may maintain a sense of control and consequently feel better emotionally, while at greater intensity levels they may feel less control over the situation and, in turn, experience an increase in negative affect. These findings also support the salience of challenge to TABP individuals. That is, it seems possible that the higher intensity exercise was perceived by the TABP individuals as more challenging and stressful, which may have led to more negative affective reactivity. Situational factors interact with TABP to influence the expression of behaviour, physiology, and psychology. This is noteworthy because the distinguishing features of TABP may not present themselves in innocuous situations, but may be prevalent in those perceived to be competitive, challenging, or confrontational. Competitive striving has always been a central component of the TABP, and TABP individuals seem prone to interpret situations as more competitive than do non-TABP persons (Matthews & Siegel, 1983; Matthews & Volkin, 1981; Rosenman, 1990; Spence, Helmreich, & Pred, 1987). This may be particularly true when the standards for excellent or winning performance are ambiguous (Matthews, 1982). Thus, the TABP person is likely to believe and act as if in competition with others in situations where the others are, in fact, not competing. This tendency may be particularly relevant in the area of exercise and may also be associated with an extrinsic motivational orientation that leads the TABP individuals to experience increased pressure and tension while exercising (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Koivula & Hassmen, 1998). Thus, TABP individuals seem to seek out situations that embody challenge and competition, yet may experience greater levels of negative affective reactivity. The present study provides support for the conclusion reached by Hardy et al. (1989) that the psychological effects of exercise may be moderated by an interaction of behavioural style (i.e., TABP) and situational challenge, in this case competitive instruction. Specifically, Hardy et al. (1989) found that at moderate levels of exercise, TABP participants experienced psychological benefit, but at the higher levels the benefits were lessened. Similarly, in this study it was found that TABP participants in the noncompetitive condition, who also exercised at less intensity, experienced more psychological benefit than those in the competitive condition. It appears that for TABP individuals, noncompetitive exercise may be enjoyable and bring about the psychological benefits that have become expected from exercise, but that perceived competitive exercise elicits characteristics of the TABP that lead to a reduction or blocking of these effects. This is in keeping with previous empirical research and theoretical writing that suggest individuals predisposed to the TABP are more likely to display Type A characteristics in situations defined as competitive, and they are more likely to perceive situations as competitive.
Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising TABP individuals. Results indicated that TABP individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for TABP individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise. L'exercice a des effets prononcés bénéfiques sur l'humeur; cependant, pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A les effets positifs de l'exercice sur l'humeur peuvent ne pas être uniformes compte tenu de leur tendance à percevoir les situations d'exercice comme étant une compétition. Cette étude a examiné si la compétition (et l'effort qui s'ensuit) influence la réaction affective des individus ayant un comportement de type A lorsqu'ils font de l'exercice. Les résultats indiquent que les individus ayant un comportement de type A qui font de l'exercice dans une condition compétitive ont une réaction affective moins favorable que ceux dans une condition non compétitive. Les effets sont les plus apparents pour l'affect général, la dépression et la colèe et moins notables pour l'anxiété chronique. Il y a une tendance pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A dans la condition non compétitive à manifester des bénéfices affectifs tandis que l'affect de ceux dans la condition compétitive ont tendance à ne pas être influencés par l'exercice.
Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP ) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising TABP individuals. Results indicated that TABP individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for TABP individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise. L'exercice a des effets prononcés bénéfiques sur l'humeur; cependant, pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A les effets positifs de l'exercice sur l'humeur peuvent ne pas être uniformes compte tenu de leur tendance à percevoir les situations d'exercice comme étant une compétition. Cette étude a examiné si la compétition (et l'effort qui s'ensuit) influence la réaction affective des individus ayant un comportement de type A lorsqu'ils font de l'exercice. Les résultats indiquent que les individus ayant un comportement de type A qui font de l'exercice dans une condition compétitive ont une réaction affective moins favorable que ceux dans une condition non compétitive. Les effets sont les plus apparents pour l'affect général, la dépression et la colèe et moins notables pour l'anxiété chronique. Il y a une tendance pour les individus ayant un comportement de type A dans la condition non compétitive à manifester des bénéfices affectifs tandis que l'affect de ceux dans la condition compétitive ont tendance à ne pas être influencés par l'exercice.
Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be consistent because of their tendency to perceive exercise situations as competitive. This study examined whether competition (and the ensuing effort) would influence the acute affective response of exercising TABP individuals. The sample were 70 university students (aged 18-35 yrs). Results indicated that TABP individuals exercising in the competitive condition had less favourable affective response than those in the non-competitive condition. Effects were most apparent for general affect, depression, and anger, and less notable for state anxiety. There was a trend for TABP individuals in the noncompetitive condition to show affective benefit whereas the affect of those in the competitive condition tended to be uninfluenced by exercise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Author Shearer, David S
Lacaille, Rick A
Masters, Kevin S
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Snippet Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP ) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be...
Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern ( TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be...
Hardy, McMurray, and Roberts (1989) conducted an important study addressing both the emotional and psychophysiological reactivity that TABP individuals may...
Exercise has beneficial acute mood effects; however, for Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) individuals the positive mood effects of exercise may not be...
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apa
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StartPage 25
SubjectTerms Anger
Anxiety
Competition
Coronary Prone Behavior
Depression (Emotion)
Emotional Responses
Emotional States
Exercise
Female
Human
Male
Physical fitness
Psychological aspects
Title The Acute Affective Response of Type A Behaviour Pattern Individuals to Competitive and Noncompetitive Exercise
URI http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/cbs/35/1/25
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Volume 35
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