Practical Tools for Plant and Food Biosecurity Results from a European Network of Excellence

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Main Authors Gullino, Maria Lodovica, Stack, James P, Fletcher, Jacqueline, Mumford, John D
Format eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Cham Springer International Publishing AG 2017
Springer International Publishing
Edition1
SeriesPlant Pathology in the 21st Century
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISBN9783319468969
3319468960
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-46897-6

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Author Gullino, Maria Lodovica
Stack, James P
Mumford, John D
Fletcher, Jacqueline
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Copyright Springer International Publishing AG 2017. Chapter 12 was created within the capacity of an US government employment. US copyright protection does not apply.
Copyright_xml – notice: Springer International Publishing AG 2017. Chapter 12 was created within the capacity of an US government employment. US copyright protection does not apply.
DEWEY 632
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46897-6
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EISBN 9783319468976
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Edition 1
Editor Stack, James P.
Gullino, Maria Lodovica
Mumford, John D.
Fletcher, Jacqueline
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  givenname: John D.
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PublicationSeriesTitle Plant Pathology in the 21st Century
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Springer International Publishing
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SubjectTerms Agriculture
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Environmental law
Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice
Food Science
Forensic Science
Life Sciences
Plant Pathology
Subtitle Results from a European Network of Excellence
TableOfContents 2.3.2 Target Crops, First Component of the Biological Dimension of the Threat -- 2.3.3 Pests Used as Bioweapons, Second Component of the Biological Dimension of the Threat -- 2.4 Prospect for Risk Assessment and Management in the Next Decade -- 2.4.1 Evolution and Contextualization of the Threat in Europe -- 2.4.2 Current and Future Answers to Agroterrorism: Real or False Solutions? -- References -- Chapter 3: Vulnerabilities, Threats and Gaps in Food Biosecurity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sites Vulnerable to Microbial or Toxic Contamination -- 3.3 Basic Biology and Agricultural Systems, as Well as Foodborne Illnesses, Associated with Fresh Produce Production and Distribution, and of Foodborne Illnesses in the EU and Associated Nations -- 3.4 Needs for Traceback Capability -- 3.5 Closing Comments -- References -- Chapter 4: Recent Outbreaks of Human Pathogens on Plants (HPOPs) on Fresh Produce - Lessons Learned from the Practice -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Most Common Foodborne Pathogens Found on Fresh Produce -- 4.3 The Most Common Mycotoxins Found on Fresh Produce -- 4.4 Epidemiological and Traceback Investigations of the Recent Outbreaks Caused by Contaminated Fresh Produce -- 4.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: A Risk Management Framework for Plant Biosecurity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Vulnerability of Agriculture to Disease Outbreak -- 5.2 Risk Management in the Context of Plant and Food Biosecurity -- 5.3 Risk Management from a Geographical Perspective -- 5.4 Risk Management Framework - Temporal Activities and Responsibilities -- 5.5 Prevention -- 5.5.1 High Consequence Pathogens -- 5.6 Pathway Risk Analysis -- 5.7 Contingency Plans (Preparedness) -- 5.8 Detection -- 5.9 Diagnosis -- 5.10 Pest Risk Assessment -- 5.11 Containment, Eradication and Management -- 5.12 Containment -- 5.13 Eradication -- 5.14 Post-outbreak Management
7.6.5 Immunoassays and Biosensors -- 7.6.6 Metabolomics Methods -- 7.7 Challenges in Mycotoxin Analysis in the Context of Biosecurity -- 7.7.1 Standardization of Analytical Methods -- 7.7.2 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) -- 7.7.3 Recommended/Approved Methods -- 7.7.4 Minimum Limits of Performance Criteria -- 7.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Containment of Mycotoxins in the Food Chain by Using Decontamination and Detoxification Techniques -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Food Decontamination Techniques -- 8.3 Physical Decontamination -- 8.4 Solvent Extraction -- 8.5 Detoxification Processes -- 8.6 Heating Treatments -- 8.7 Other Physical Detoxification Processes -- 8.8 Mycotoxin Adsorption -- 8.9 Chemical Detoxification -- 8.10 Ammoniation -- 8.11 Biological Detoxification -- 8.12 Fermentation Processes -- 8.13 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Decision Tool for Assessing the Likelihood of an Intentional Foodborne Illness Outbreak -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Collection of Data on Confirmed Intentional Foodborne Illness Outbreaks -- 9.2.1 Salmonellosis-The Dalles, Oregon, 1984 -- 9.2.2 Shigellosis - Dallas, Texas, 1996 -- 9.3 Assessment of Confirmed Intentional Outbreaks of Foodborne Illnesses by Existing Models -- 9.4 Assessment of a Confirmed Intentional Outbreak of Shigellosis by Existing Models -- 9.5 Selection of Criteria for the Development of a New Decision Tool Model Appropriate for Use with Foodborne Illness Outbreaks -- 9.6 Development of New, Foodborne Illness Outbreak-­Specific Decision Tools -- 9.6.1 New Model Based on Scoring System -- 9.6.2 New Model Based on Bayesian Network Analysis -- 9.7 Demonstrations/Validation of New Models with Natural and Intentional Outbreaks of Foodborne Illnesses -- 9.7.1 2008 Outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul Infections in the US
5.15 Recovery Plan -- 5.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Integrating Crop Bioterrorism Hazards into Pest Risk Assessment Tools -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Agent-Pathway-Receptor Framework -- 6.3 Risk Paradigms for Crop Biosecurity -- 6.4 Real and Perceived Risk: Understanding the 'Impact' of Agroterrorism -- 6.5 Agroteterrorism Scenarios and Risk Analysis -- 6.5.1 The Role of Scenarios and Why They Were Developed -- 6.5.2 The Use of Scenarios in PLANTFOODSEC -- 6.5.3 Building and Validating a Novel Risk Comparison Tool Using Scenarios -- 6.6 A Rule-Based Network Model to Integrate the Components of Risk Associated with Pathogens or Arthropods Used as Crop Bioterrorism Agents -- 6.6.1 Components of Risk -- 6.6.2 Combining Risk Components -- 6.6.3 Overall Classification of Generic Scenarios by Integration on a Set of Pest-Crop Pairs -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Detection of Mycotoxins in Food: Applications of Rapid and Reliable Tools in a Biosecurity Context -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Common and Abundant Mycotoxins -- 7.3 Processes of Mycotoxin Analysis and Quantification -- 7.3.1 Mycotoxins in the Context of Plant Biosecurity and Food Safety -- 7.3.2 Mycotoxin Detection and Quantification - Is Assay Standardization Still Meaningful? -- 7.4 Sampling and Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Extraction and Cleanup Procedures -- 7.5.1 Extraction -- 7.5.2 Cleanup and Purification -- 7.6 Analytical Methods for Quantification of Mycotoxins -- 7.6.1 Chromatography Methods -- 7.6.1.1 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 7.6.1.2 High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) -- 7.6.1.3 Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 7.6.1.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 7.6.2 Methods Based on Mass Spectrometry Without Previous Analyte Separation -- 7.6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 7.6.4 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
Chapter 12: Containment and Eradication of Invasive Pathogens
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Considering Vulnerabilities, Threats and Gaps in Plant and Food Biosecurity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Vulnerabilities -- 1.3 Natural Vulnerabilities -- 1.4 Accidents -- 1.5 Malicious Actions -- 1.6 Assessing Vulnerabilities and Gaps -- 1.7 Learning Lessons -- 1.8 Microbiological Examination -- 1.9 Other Critical Control Points -- 1.10 Risk Prioritisation -- 1.11 PESTLE -- 1.12 Political -- 1.13 Economic -- 1.14 Sociological -- 1.15 Technological -- 1.15.1 Infectious Dose -- 1.15.2 Incubation Period -- 1.15.3 Primary Route of Transmission -- 1.15.4 Diagnostic Method Availability -- 1.15.5 Health Impacts -- 1.15.6 Legal Consequences -- 1.16 Environmental Considerations -- 1.16.1 PESTLE Outputs -- 1.17 Plant Risk Assessments -- 1.18 PlantFoodSec -- 1.19 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Characterization of the Threat Resulting from Plant Pathogen Use as Anti-crop Bioweapons: An EU Perspective on Agroterrorism -- 2.1 Introduction and General Concerns -- 2.2 Historical Review of Agroterrorism and Anti-crop Bioweapons: Starting Point of the Characterization and Contextualized of the Threat in Europe -- 2.2.1 First Type of Threat: From Military State Programs to Allegations of Attacks -- 2.2.2 Second Type of Threat: From 'Rogue State' Secret Programs to Emerging Terrorist Groups -- 2.2.3 Third Type of Threat: Biocrime, Sabotage, Private Allegations and Conspiracy Theories on Social Media -- 2.2.4 Fourth Type of Threat: From the Application of Phytosanitary or Sanitary Measures in Response to Deliberate Introduction of a Regulated Pest to Justify Trade Protectionism -- 2.3 List of Targets Crops and Pests as Biological Data Base: Starting Point of a Prospective Approach to Quantify the Risk in Europe -- 2.3.1 Types of Scenarios, Human Dimension of the Threat
9.7.2 2011 Outbreak of E. Coli O104:H4 Infections in Germany -- 9.7.3 Demonstration/Validation of Scoring Model -- 9.7.4 Demonstration/Validation of Bayesian Network Model -- 9.8 Discussion -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Diagnostic Tools for Plant Biosecurity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Direct Sample Analysis -- 10.2.1 Symptom Recognition and Culturing -- 10.2.2 Molecular Diagnostic Methods -- 10.2.3 Air Spora Diagnostics -- 10.2.4 DNA and RNA Diagnostics on Plant Material and Soil -- 10.2.5 Early Detection of Emerging Diseases in High Value Crops -- 10.2.6 Multiplex Diagnostics -- 10.2.7 On Site, Field Deployable Diagnostics -- 10.2.8 Biosensors -- 10.2.9 Non-targeted Diagnostics -- 10.2.10 Diagnostic Techniques for Detection of Novel Pathotypes -- 10.3 Indirect Diagnostic Methods -- 10.3.1 Disease Diagnostics by Remote or Proximal Sensing -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: The European Union Plant Diagnostic Information System (EUPDIS): A Platform for Collaborative Diagnostics and a Tool for Early Detection of Plant Pathogens -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Components of an Information System to Support Diagnostic Networks -- 11.2.1 Administrative -- 11.2.2 Diagnostic Protocol Repository -- 11.2.3 Community News, Training and Accreditation -- 11.2.4 Sample Data Repository -- 11.2.5 Alert System and Outbreak Tracking -- 11.2.6 Expertise Database -- 11.2.7 Live Sample Analysis -- 11.3 A European Plant Diagnostic Network -- 11.4 System Construction -- 11.4.1 User Registration and Access -- 11.4.2 Expertise and Laboratories -- 11.4.3 The Pathogen Database -- 11.4.4 Registering a Diagnosis -- 11.4.5 Viewing an Outbreak -- 11.4.6 Community Information -- 11.5 Utilisation of EUPDIS -- 11.6 Confidentiality -- 11.7 Opportunities for Outbreak Surveillance -- 11.8 Conclusions and Future Development -- References
Title Practical Tools for Plant and Food Biosecurity
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Volume 8
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