Mechanics of agricultural materials

The importance of economical production of agricultural materials, especially crops and animal products serving as base materials for foodstuffs, and of their technological processing (mechanical operations, storage, handling etc.) is ever-increasing. During technological processes agricultural mate...

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Published inDevelopments in Agricultural Engineering (Netherlands) Vol. v.Volume 8; no. 8
Main Author Sitkei, G. (University of Forestry and Wood Science, Sopron (Hungary). Dept. of Woodworking Machines)
Format eBook Book
LanguageEnglish
Hungarian
Published Amsterdam (Netherlands) Elsevier 1986
Elsevier Science & Technology
Elsevier Science
Edition1
SeriesDevelopments in Agricultural Engineering
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISBN9780444995230
0444995234

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Abstract The importance of economical production of agricultural materials, especially crops and animal products serving as base materials for foodstuffs, and of their technological processing (mechanical operations, storage, handling etc.) is ever-increasing. During technological processes agricultural materials may be exposed to various mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical and acoustical (e.g. ultrasonic) effects. To ensure optimal design of such processes, the interactions between biological materials and the physical effects acting on them, as well as the general laws governing the same, must be known.The mechanics of agricultural materials, as a scientific discipline, is still being developed, and therefore has no exact methods as yet, in many cases. However, the methods developed so far can already be utilized successfully for designing and optimizing machines and technological processes.This present work is the first attempt to summarize the calculation methods developed in the main fields of agricultural mechanics, and to indicate the material laws involved on the basis of a unified approach, with all relevant physico-mechanical properties taken into account.The book deals with material properties, gives the necessary theoretical background for description of the mechanical behaviour of these materials including modern powerful calculation methods and finally discusses a large number of experimental results. Many of them can only be found in this book. Special attention is paid to the unified approach concerning theory and practice.The systematic treatment of the material makes the book useful to a wide circle of designers, researchers and students in the field of agricultural engineering. The book can also be used as a textbook at technical and agricultural universities.
AbstractList The importance of economical production of agricultural materials, especially crops and animal products serving as base materials for foodstuffs, and of their technological processing (mechanical operations, storage, handling etc.) is ever-increasing. During technological processes agricultural materials may be exposed to various mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical and acoustical (e.g. ultrasonic) effects. To ensure optimal design of such processes, the interactions between biological materials and the physical effects acting on them, as well as the general laws governing the same, must be known.The mechanics of agricultural materials, as a scientific discipline, is still being developed, and therefore has no exact methods as yet, in many cases. However, the methods developed so far can already be utilized successfully for designing and optimizing machines and technological processes.This present work is the first attempt to summarize the calculation methods developed in the main fields of agricultural mechanics, and to indicate the material laws involved on the basis of a unified approach, with all relevant physico-mechanical properties taken into account.The book deals with material properties, gives the necessary theoretical background for description of the mechanical behaviour of these materials including modern powerful calculation methods and finally discusses a large number of experimental results. Many of them can only be found in this book. Special attention is paid to the unified approach concerning theory and practice.The systematic treatment of the material makes the book useful to a wide circle of designers, researchers and students in the field of agricultural engineering. The book can also be used as a textbook at technical and agricultural universities.
Author Sitkei, G. (University of Forestry and Wood Science, Sopron (Hungary). Dept. of Woodworking Machines)
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PublicationSeriesTitle Developments in Agricultural Engineering
PublicationTitle Developments in Agricultural Engineering (Netherlands)
PublicationYear 1986
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Snippet The importance of economical production of agricultural materials, especially crops and animal products serving as base materials for foodstuffs, and of their...
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SubjectTerms Agricultural mechanics
CHEMICOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Materials
PRODUCTOS
PRODUCTS
PRODUIT
PROPIEDADES FISICO-QUIMICAS
PROPRIETE PHYSICO-CHIMIQUE
TableOfContents Front Cover -- Mechanics of Agricultural Materials -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. The development and importance of agricultural mechanics -- Chapter 2. Physical properties of agricultural materials -- 2.1 Shape and size -- 2.2 Surface area -- 2.3 Volume and density -- 2.4 Thermal and hygroscopic expansion -- Chapter 3. Mechanical properties -- Chapter 4. Thermal properties -- 4.1 Specific heat -- 4.2 Heat-conduction coefficient -- 4.3 Temperature conductivity -- Chapter 5. Electrical properties -- 5.1 Dielectric constant and dielectric loss -- Chapter 6. Optical properties -- 6.1 Reflectance properties -- 6.2 Transmittance properties -- Chapter 7. Water storage in agricultural materials -- 7.1 Physics of water storage -- 7.2 Adsorption and desorption of water -- 7.3 Equilibrium moisture content -- 7.4 Moisture adsorption by hygroscopic materials -- 7.5 Internal moisture movement -- 7.6 Mass-transfer at the surface -- 7.7 Mass-transfer coefficients -- 7.8 Moisture gradients -- 7.9 Contact moisture exchange -- 7.10 The theory of drying -- 7.11 General relationships in the drying process -- 7.12 Heating and cooling of deep piles -- 7.13 Heat production in biological materials during storage -- 7.14 Moisture exchange of fruits and vegetables with the air -- Chapter 8. The background of rheology -- 8.1 Characteristics of biological materials -- 8.2 Ideal materials and their properties -- 8.3 Time-dependent behavior of materials -- viscoelasticity -- 8.4 Creep -- 8.5 Recovery -- 8.6 Relaxation -- 8.7 Linearity -- 8.8 Rheological models -- 8.9 Rheological equations -- 8.10 Integral representation of viscoelastic constitutive equations -- 8.11 Behavior of viscoelastic materials under oscillating loads -- 8.12 Nonlinear constitutive equations -- 8.13 Temperature effects -- 8.14 Non-Newtonian fluids -- viscosimetry
Chapter 9. Contact stresses -- 9.1 Contact stress in elastic bodies -- 9.2 Contact stress in viscoelastic bodies -- 9.3 The theory of the rigid die -- the Boussinesq problem -- Chapter 10. Impact loading -- 10.1 Impact of elastic bodies -- 10.2 Impact of viscoelastic bodies -- 10.3 Application of cushioning materials -- Chapter 11. The finite-element method -- 11.1 Concept of the method -- 11.2 Shapes of elements and the displacement function -- 11.3 Embedding the elements into the continuum -- 11.4 Finite-element formulation -- 11.5 Viscoelastic stress analysis -- numerical method -- 11.6 Application of the finite-element method to flow fields -- Chapter 12. Application of rheology -- 12.1 Force-deformation relationship -- 12.2 Stress-strain relationships -- Chapter 13. Mechanical damage -- 13.1 Causes and the forms of appearance of damage -- 13.2 Biological and chemical reactions after damage -- 13.3 Establishing and measuring damage -- 13.4 Effect of moisture changes on damage -- 13.5 Impact damage -- 13.6 Effects of various parameters on sensitivity to damage -- Chapter 14. Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic properties and phenomena -- 14.1 Aerodynamic drag coefficient -- 14.2 Terminal velocity -- 14.3 Aerodynamic resistance of granular bulk materials -- 14.4 Separation of foreign materials -- 14.5 Pneumatic conveying of agricultural materials -- 14.6 Fluid-bed conveying -- 14.7 Conveying by throwing -- 14.8 Pneumatic conveying of non-Newtonian materials -- 14.9 Flow in perforated ducts -- 14.10 Ventilation of bales and stacks -- 14.11 Non-Newtonian flow in tubes -- 14.12 Air resistance of fruit-tree crowns -- 14.13 Hydrodynamic properties -- Chapter 15. Friction problems -- 15.1 General laws of friction -- 15.2 Friction coefficients of agricultural products -- 15.3 Rolling of agricultural products
15.4 Angle of internal friction and angle of natural repose -- 15.5 State diagram for granular bulk materials -- 15.6 Stress state of granular bulk materials -- 15.7 Pressure distribution in bins -- 15.8 Flow of granular materials from an orifice -- 15.9 Flow of granular materials in chutes -- 15.10 Further friction problems -- Chapter 16. Wafering and pressing of agricultural materials -- 16.1 General relationships for pressing processes -- 16.2 Energy requirements of pressing -- 16.3 Rebound of material after pressing -- 16.4 Pressure distribution in the space before a compressing piston -- 16.5 Pressure conditions in pelleting machines -- 16.6 Effects of various parameters on the pelleting process -- 16.7 Mechanical dewatering of agricultural materials -- Chapter 17. Cutting of agricultural materials -- 17.1 Cutting methods -- 17.2 Deformations caused by cutting -- 17.3 Energy requirements of cutting -- 17.4 Free cutting -- 17.5 Energy requirements of forage harvesters -- Chapter 18. Grinding (comminution) of agricultural materials -- 18.1 Mechanism of comminution -- 18.2 General relationships for hammer mills -- 18.3 Size distribution of comminuted products -- 18.4 Energy requirements of hammer mills -- 18.5 Closed-circuit grinding -- 18.6 Grinding of forage materials -- References -- Subject index
Title Mechanics of agricultural materials
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