Web Accessibility A Foundation for Research

Covering key areas of evaluation and methodology, client-side applications, specialist and novel technologies, along with initial appraisals of disabilities, this important book provides comprehensive coverage of web accessibility. Written by leading experts in the field, it provides an overview of...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors Yesilada, Yeliz, Harper, Simon
Format eBook Book
LanguageEnglish
Published London Springer Nature 2019
Springer
Springer London, Limited
Springer London
Edition2
SeriesHuman–Computer Interaction Series
Subjects
Accessible Web sites for people with disabilities
Assistive computer technology
Computer programming, programs, data
Computer Science
Computers and Society
Human-computer interaction
Media Design
Multimedia Information Systems
Social Media
User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction
Web sites > Design
Online AccessGet full text
ISBN9781447174400
1447174402
9781447174394
1447174399
ISSN1571-5035
2524-4477
DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-7440-0

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Table of Contents:
  • 7.3 Supporting Access to Written, Spoken or Signed Communication -- 7.3.1 Written Language Production-What Helps? -- 7.3.2 Written Language Comprehension-What Helps? -- 7.3.3 Spoken or Signed Language Production-What Helps? -- 7.3.4 Spoken or Signed Language Comprehension-What Helps? -- 7.3.5 Physical and Perceptual Barriers Caused by Stroke-What Helps? -- 7.4 Other Accessibility Issues -- 7.5 Aphasia-Specific Recommendations -- 7.6 Discussion -- 7.7 Future Directions -- 7.8 Author's Opinion of the Field -- 7.9 Conclusions -- References -- Conducting Research -- 8 Inclusive Writing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Working Toward Inclusive Writing -- 8.2.1 Inclusion -- 8.2.2 General Language Usage -- 8.2.3 Usage for Specific Groups and Contexts -- 8.2.4 Describing Research Participants -- 8.2.5 Making Content Accessible -- 8.3 Discussion: Can Terminology Alone Achieve Inclusion? -- 8.3.1 Disparate Opinion -- 8.3.2 Context Matters -- 8.3.3 Inclusive Thinking in Research -- 8.4 Future Directions -- 8.4.1 Evolving Language -- 8.5 Authors' Opinion of the Field -- 8.5.1 Directives for Inclusive Writing -- 8.5.2 Strive for Respect in All Interactions with Study Participants -- 8.5.3 Reflect User Preferences -- 8.5.4 Strive for Accuracy in Describing Relevant Characteristics of Participants -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Working With Participants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 General Advice -- 9.2.1 Ethical Conduct -- 9.2.2 Recruitment and Engagement -- 9.3 Physical Setting -- 9.3.1 Preparation of Materials -- 9.3.2 Individual Assistance -- 9.3.3 Language -- 9.4 Generative User Research -- 9.4.1 Questionnaires -- 9.4.2 Interviews and Focus Groups -- 9.5 Evaluative User Research -- 9.6 Discussion -- 9.7 Future Directions -- 9.8 Author's Opinions on the Field -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Working with Companies, Charities and Governmental Organisations
  • 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Building a Public-Private Partnership -- 10.3 Partnering with Corporate -- 10.4 Partnering with Government -- 10.5 Partnering with Disability Organisations -- 10.6 Creating an Inclusive Research Culture -- 10.6.1 Commitment and Common Understanding -- 10.6.2 Infrastructure -- 10.7 Building the User into Research Projects -- 10.7.1 Inclusive Research -- 10.7.2 Participatory Research -- 10.8 Making Your Work Available to the Widest Possible Audience -- 10.8.1 Language -- 10.8.2 Format -- 10.9 Discussion -- 10.10 Future Directions -- 10.11 Author's Opinion of the Field -- 10.12 Conclusions -- References -- 11 End-User Evaluations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Overview -- 11.2.1 Commonly Used Evaluation Methods -- 11.2.2 Designing an Effective Study -- 11.3 Discussion -- 11.4 Future Directions -- 11.5 Authors' Opinion of the Field -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Reproducible and Sustainable Research Software -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Good Software Practices -- 12.2.1 Version Control -- 12.2.2 Documentation -- 12.2.3 Software Testing -- 12.2.4 Code Review -- 12.3 Notebooks and Executable Papers -- 12.3.1 Notebooks -- 12.3.2 Executable Papers -- 12.4 Containers and Virtualization -- 12.5 Software and Data Citation -- 12.5.1 Software Papers -- 12.5.2 Archiving Software to Be Cited -- 12.5.3 Providing Citation Metadata with Your Software -- 12.6 Privacy and Ethics -- 12.7 Discussion -- 12.8 Future Directions -- 12.9 Author's Opinion of the Field -- 12.10 Conclusions -- References -- Society and Standards -- 13 Standards, Guidelines, and Trends -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Technical Specifications -- 13.3 Accessibility Guidelines -- 13.3.1 WAI Guidelines -- 13.3.2 Other Guidelines -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Scope of the Term Accessibility -- 13.4.2 Conformance and Compliance -- 13.4.3 Underserved Disability Groups
  • Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About This Book -- Contents -- Contributors -- Understanding Disabilities -- 1 Visual Disabilities -- 1.1 Introduction: The Physiological Basis of Visual Perception -- 1.1.1 Formation of the Retinal Image -- 1.1.2 Neurological Function in the Retina -- 1.2 Overview: Functional Requirements for Visual Perception -- 1.3 Discussion: Functionality Restrictions in Visual Disorders -- 1.4 Approaches to Enhance Human-Computer Interaction -- 1.5 Recent and Future Directions: Access to the World Wide Web -- 1.6 Authors' Opinion of the Field -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Physical Disabilities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Terminology and Context -- 2.3 Physical Disabilities and Web Access -- 2.4 Physical Impairments and Health Conditions -- 2.4.1 Musculoskeletal Impairments -- 2.4.2 Movement Disorders -- 2.5 Relation to Other Impairments -- 2.6 The Rise of Touch Screen Devices -- 2.7 Web Access Barriers -- 2.7.1 Pointing to a Target -- 2.7.2 Clicking on a Target -- 2.7.3 Typing on a Physical Keyboard -- 2.7.4 Tapping and Typing on a Touch screen -- 2.7.5 Multi-Touch Gestures -- 2.7.6 Sustained Actions -- 2.7.7 Time-Dependent Actions -- 2.7.8 Keyboard Access -- 2.8 Physical Access Solutions -- 2.9 Discussion -- 2.10 Future Directions -- 2.11 Author's Opinion of the Field -- 2.12 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Deafness and Hearing Loss -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Demographics -- 3.1.2 Deaf or Hard of Hearing Dimensions -- 3.1.3 Hearing Loss Dimension -- 3.1.4 Physical and Multimodal Accessibility -- 3.1.5 Multimodal Accessibility -- 3.1.6 Language Dimension -- 3.1.7 Legal Dimension -- 3.1.8 Social Dimension -- 3.1.9 Discussion -- 3.2 Future Discussion -- 3.3 Author's Opinion -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Cognitive and Learning Disabilities -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Overview -- 4.3 Discussion
  • 13.5 Future Directions -- 13.5.1 Ubiquitous Web Interfaces -- 13.5.2 Artificial Intelligence and Big Data -- 13.5.3 Personalization and Adaptation -- 13.5.4 Next Generation Accessibility Guidelines -- 13.6 Authors' Opinion -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Web Accessibility Policy and Law -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Types of Laws and Policies -- 14.2 Coverage of Laws and Policies -- 14.2.1 What Types of Organizations Are Covered? -- 14.2.2 What Types of Disabilities Are Covered? -- 14.2.3 What Type of Content Is Covered? -- 14.2.4 What Is the Technical Standard? -- 14.2.5 What Level of Involvement in the Process? And How Will Content Be Evaluated? -- 14.2.6 What Information Must Be Publicly Posted? -- 14.3 Discussion -- 14.4 Future Directions -- 14.5 Author's Opinion of the Field -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Tackling the Inaccessibility of Websites in Postsecondary Education -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 How Accessible Are Websites in Higher Education? A Review of the Research -- 15.3 What Factors Influence the Approaches Higher Education Institutions Take to Making Their Websites More Accessible? -- 15.3.1 Initiate: Infusing Web Accessibility into the Organizational Culture -- 15.3.2 Plan: Developing a Policy, Assigning Responsibilities, and Determining Resources -- 15.3.3 Implement: Building Skills and Expertise -- 15.3.4 Sustain: Monitoring Progress -- 15.4 The University of Washington: A Case Study in Addressing Web Accessibility -- 15.4.1 The Foundation for the UW Approach -- 15.4.2 UW Values -- 15.4.3 Compliance Awareness -- 15.4.4 Civil Rights and Social Justice -- 15.4.5 A Universal Design Framework -- 15.4.6 The UW Approach to the Accessibility of IT -- 15.4.7 Leadership -- 15.4.8 Policy, Guidelines, and Resources -- 15.4.9 Practices -- 15.4.10 Lessons Learned -- 15.5 Discussion
  • 15.5.1 The Imperative to Stop Seeking Overly Simplistic Solutions
  • 4.4 Future Directions -- 4.5 Authors' Opinion of the Field -- References -- 5 Situationally-Induced Impairments and Disabilities -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Background -- 5.3 Situations, Contexts, and Environments -- 5.4 A Categorized List of Factors That Can Cause SIIDs -- 5.5 A Two-Dimensional Space of Impairing and Disabling Factors -- 5.6 Some Empirical Results of SIIDs in Mobile Human-Computer Interaction -- 5.6.1 The Effects of Walking -- 5.6.2 The Effects of Cold Temperatures -- 5.6.3 The Effects of Divided Attention and Distraction -- 5.7 Some Example Projects Addressing SIIDs in Mobile Human-Computer Interaction -- 5.8 Future Directions -- 5.9 Author's Opinion of the Field -- 5.10 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Ageing and Older Adults -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physical Changes -- 6.2.1 Vision -- 6.2.2 Hearing -- 6.2.3 Psychomotor -- 6.3 Cognitive Changes -- 6.3.1 Attention -- 6.3.2 Memory -- 6.4 Behavioural Changes -- 6.5 Web Accessibility Needs of Older Adults -- 6.5.1 Perceivable Information and User Interfaces -- 6.5.2 Operable User Interface and Navigation -- 6.5.3 Understandable Information and User Interface -- 6.5.4 Robust Content and Reliable Interpretation -- 6.6 Web Activities of Older Adults -- 6.6.1 Social Networking and Social Media -- 6.6.2 Health and Well-Being Information Searching -- 6.6.3 Web Services -- 6.6.4 Internet-of-Things -- 6.6.5 Online Privacy, Trust and Behaviour -- 6.7 Authors' Opinion of the Field -- 6.8 Future Directions -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Speech and Language -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Demographics on Speech and Language Needs -- 7.1.2 Specific Speech and Language Needs -- 7.2 Overview of Aphasia -- 7.2.1 Written Language Production -- 7.2.2 Written Language Comprehension -- 7.2.3 Spoken or Signed Language Production -- 7.2.4 Spoken or Signed Language Comprehension