Essentials of flow assurance solids in oil and gas operations : understanding fundamentals, characterization, prediction, environmental safety, and management

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author Hussein, Abdullah (Author)
Format Electronic eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Cambridge, MA : Gulf Professional Publishing, 2023.
Subjects
Oil fields > Production methods.
Fluid dynamics.
elektronické knihy
electronic books
Online AccessFull text
ISBN9780323991186
0323991181
Physical Description1 online resource : illustrations (black and white, and color).

Cover

Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations: Understanding Fundamentals, Characterization, Prediction, En...
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Chapter 1: Oil and Gas Production Operations and Production Fluids
  • 1.1. Introduction
  • 1.2. What is petroleum?
  • 1.3. How was petroleum formed?
  • 1.3.1. The biogenic theory of formation of petroleum
  • 1.3.2. Abiogenic theory of formation of petroleum
  • 1.4. Life cycle of oil and gas fields and stages of development
  • 1.4.1. Exploration
  • 1.4.2. Drilling
  • 1.4.3. Completion
  • 1.4.4. Production
  • 1.4.4.1. Primary recovery
  • 1.4.4.2. Secondary recovery
  • 1.4.4.3. Enhanced oil recovery
  • 1.4.4.4. Crude oil and gas processing
  • 1.4.4.5. Produced water treatment
  • 1.4.5. Workover/recompletion
  • 1.4.6. Eventual abandonment
  • 1.5. The production system
  • 1.6. Production system parameters
  • 1.6.1. Pressure
  • 1.6.2. Temperature
  • 1.6.3. pH
  • 1.6.4. Flow rate
  • 1.6.5. System design
  • 1.7. Production fluids
  • 1.7.1. Hydrocarbons
  • 1.7.1.1. Natural gas
  • 1.7.1.1.1. Natural gas composition and properties
  • 1.7.1.1.2. Classification of natural gas
  • 1.7.1.2. Condensate
  • 1.7.1.2.1. Condensate composition and properties
  • 1.7.1.3. Crude oil
  • 1.7.1.3.1. Crude oil composition
  • 1.7.1.3.2. Physical properties of crude oil
  • 1.7.1.3.3. Classification of crude oils
  • 1.7.1.4. Hydrocarbon analysis methods and techniques
  • 1.7.2. Water
  • 1.7.2.1. Origins of produced water
  • 1.7.2.2. Chemical composition of produced water
  • 1.7.2.3. Physical properties of produced water
  • 1.7.2.4. Water analysis methods and techniques
  • 1.7.3. Phase behavior of petroleum fluids
  • 1.7.3.1. Phase behavior of hydrocarbon systems
  • 1.7.3.2. Phase behavior of water-hydrocarbon system
  • 1.8. Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Flow Assurance
  • 2.1. Introduction.
  • 2.2. The concept of fluid flow
  • 2.3. Pressure drop
  • 2.4. Factors affecting pressure drop
  • 2.4.1. Wellbore pressure drop
  • 2.4.2. System design and installations
  • 2.4.3. Friction
  • 2.4.4. Surface roughness
  • 2.4.5. Fluid properties
  • 2.4.6. Temperature
  • 2.4.7. Gravity forces
  • 2.4.8. Fluid flow regimes
  • 2.4.9. Solid particle transport and deposition
  • 2.5. The flow assurance concept
  • 2.6. Fluid dynamics
  • 2.6.1. Multiphase flow regimes
  • 2.6.1.1. Gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flow regimes
  • 2.6.1.2. Solid-fluid flow regimes
  • 2.6.2. Computational fluid dynamics
  • 2.7. Production chemistry
  • 2.7.1. Solid deposits
  • 2.7.2. Emulsions
  • 2.7.2.1. Emulsification mechanism
  • 2.7.2.2. Types of emulsions
  • 2.7.2.3. Emulsion control methods
  • 2.7.3. Sludge
  • 2.7.4. Petroleum foams
  • 2.7.5. Corrosion
  • 2.7.5.1. Corrosion mechanisms
  • 2.7.5.2. Forms of corrosion
  • 2.7.5.3. Corrosion control
  • 2.7.6. Oilfield microbiology
  • 2.7.7. Reservoir souring
  • 2.7.8. Production chemicals
  • 2.7.9. Complexity of production chemistry problems
  • 2.8. Flow assurance strategy
  • 2.8.1. Sampling
  • 2.8.2. Analysis
  • 2.8.3. Modeling
  • 2.8.4. Management strategy
  • 2.8.5. Monitoring and improvement
  • 2.9. Flow assurance case studies
  • 2.10. Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Problems Associated With Flow Assurance Solids in Production
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Where do deposits form in a production system?
  • 3.3. The cost of solids formation and deposition
  • 3.4. Flow restrictions
  • 3.4.1. Formation damage
  • 3.4.2. Production tubular flow restrictions and blockages
  • 3.4.2.1. Pressure drop due to solids transportation and interactions
  • 3.4.2.2. Pressure drop due to changes in surface roughness
  • 3.4.2.3. Pressure drop due to changes in conduit dimensions
  • 3.5. Equipment impairment and failure.
  • 3.5.1. Heat transfer equipment impairment and failure
  • 3.5.2. Pumps impairment and failure
  • 3.5.3. Separation equipment impairment and failure
  • 3.5.4. Flowmeter impairment and failure
  • 3.5.5. Valve impairment and failure
  • 3.5.6. Sand control equipment impairment and failure
  • 3.6. Production chemistry problems induced by solids deposition
  • 3.6.1. Emulsion stabilization by solids
  • 3.6.2. Corrosion problems
  • 3.6.3. Microbial activity
  • 3.7. Safety and environmental problems
  • 3.8. Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Principles of Flow Assurance Solids Formation Mechanisms
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. What is a solid deposit?
  • 4.3. Types of solid deposits in oil and gas fields
  • 4.4. Precipitation vs deposition
  • 4.5. Mechanism of formation of solid deposits
  • 4.5.1. Step (1) supersaturation
  • 4.5.1.1. Supersaturation in aqueous solutions
  • 4.5.1.2. Supersaturation in molecular solutions
  • 4.5.1.3. Factors affecting supersaturation
  • 4.5.2. Step (2) nucleation
  • 4.5.2.1. Types of nucleation
  • 4.5.2.2. Nucleation theories
  • 4.5.2.3. Homogeneous nucleation
  • 4.5.2.4. Heterogeneous nucleation
  • 4.5.2.5. Rate of nucleation
  • 4.5.2.6. Induction time
  • 4.5.2.7. Secondary nucleation
  • 4.5.2.8. Gas hydrate nucleation
  • 4.5.2.9. Wax nucleation
  • 4.5.2.10. Asphaltenes nucleation
  • 4.5.2.11. Naphthenate nucleation
  • 4.5.2.12. Factors affecting the nucleation
  • 4.5.3. Step (3) crystal growth
  • 4.5.3.1. Crystal growth theories
  • 4.5.3.2. Crystal growth rate
  • 4.5.3.3. Factors affecting crystal growth
  • 4.5.4. Step (4) adhesion
  • 4.5.4.1. Particles motion and transport
  • 4.5.4.2. Attachment
  • 4.5.5. Step (5) aging
  • 4.5.5.1. Aging of mineral scales
  • 4.5.5.2. Aging of organic deposits
  • 4.5.5.3. Factors affecting aging
  • 4.6. Fouling
  • 4.7. Recent advances in solid deposit formation mechanism research.
  • 4.8. Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Mineral Scales in Oil and Gas Fields
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Calcium carbonate scale
  • 5.2.1. Mechanism of calcium carbonate formation and its polymorphs
  • 5.2.2. Factors affecting the formation of calcium carbonate scale
  • 5.2.2.1. Effect of pH
  • 5.2.2.2. Effect of pressure
  • 5.2.2.3. Effect of temperature
  • 5.2.2.4. Effect of dissolved salts
  • 5.2.2.5. Effect of metal ions
  • 5.2.2.6. Effect of alkalinity
  • 5.2.2.7. Effect of bacteria
  • 5.2.2.8. Effect of fluid dynamics
  • 5.2.2.9. Geochemical interactions
  • 5.3. Calcium sulfate scale
  • 5.3.1. Mechanism of calcium sulfate scale formation and its polymorphs
  • 5.3.2. Factors affecting precipitation of calcium sulfates
  • 5.3.2.1. Effect of Temperature
  • 5.3.2.2. Effect of pressure
  • 5.3.2.3. Effect of dissolved salts
  • 5.3.2.4. Effect of pH
  • 5.4. Barium sulfate scale
  • 5.4.1. Mechanism of barium sulfate scale formation
  • 5.4.2. Factors affecting the formation of barium sulfate scale
  • 5.4.2.1. Effect of temperature
  • 5.4.2.2. Effect of pressure
  • 5.4.2.3. Effect of dissolved solids
  • 5.4.2.4. Effect of sulfide scale deposits
  • 5.4.2.5. Effect of fluid hydrodynamics
  • 5.5. Strontium sulfate
  • 5.5.1. Mechanism of strontium sulfate scale formation
  • 5.5.2. Factors affecting the formation of strontium sulfate scale
  • 5.5.2.1. Effect of temperature
  • 5.5.2.2. Effect of dissolved salts
  • 5.5.2.3. Effect of pressure
  • 5.5.2.4. Effect of turbulence
  • 5.6. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)
  • 5.6.1. Radioactive decay and naturally occurring radionuclide (NOR) formation
  • 5.6.1.1. Thorium and uranium NORs
  • 5.6.1.2. Radium NORs
  • 5.6.1.3. Radon NORs
  • 5.6.1.4. Lead NORs
  • 5.6.2. Factors affecting the formation of NORM scale
  • 5.7. Iron compound scales
  • 5.7.1. Sources of iron ion in production fluids.
  • 5.7.2. Iron carbonate scale
  • 5.7.2.1. Mechanisms of iron carbonate scale formation
  • 5.7.2.2. Factors affecting the formation of iron carbonate scale
  • 5.7.2.2.1. Effect of temperature
  • 5.7.2.2.2. Effect of pressure
  • 5.7.2.2.3. Effect of pH
  • 5.7.2.2.4. Effect of water cut
  • 5.7.2.2.5. Effect of dissolved ions
  • 5.7.2.2.6. Effect of organic acids
  • 5.7.3. Iron sulfide scale
  • 5.7.3.1. Mechanisms of iron sulfide scale formation
  • 5.7.3.2. Iron sulfide compounds and polymorphs
  • 5.7.3.3. Factors affecting the formation of iron sulfide scale
  • 5.7.3.3.1. Effect of temperature
  • 5.7.3.3.2. Effect of pressure
  • 5.7.3.3.3. Effect of pH
  • 5.7.3.3.4. Effect of flow rate
  • 5.7.4. Mixed iron sulfides-iron carbonate scales
  • 5.7.5. Iron oxides, iron hydroxides, and iron oxy-hydroxides
  • 5.7.5.1. Formation of iron oxygen compounds under aerobic conditions in the absence of H2S/CO2
  • 5.7.5.2. Formation of iron-oxygen compounds under aerobic conditions in the presence of H2S/CO2
  • 5.7.5.3. Formation of iron-oxygen compounds under anaerobic conditions, in the absence of H2S/CO2
  • 5.7.5.4. Formation of iron-oxygen compounds under anaerobic conditions in the presence of H2S/CO2
  • 5.7.5.5. Formation of iron oxides/hydroxides by bacteria
  • 5.7.5.6. Factors affecting the formation of iron oxides/hydroxides
  • 5.7.6. Mill scale
  • 5.8. Zinc and lead sulfide scales
  • 5.8.1. Mechanism of zinc and lead sulfide scales formation
  • 5.8.2. Factors affecting the formation zinc and lead sulfide scales
  • 5.8.2.1. Effect of temperature
  • 5.8.2.2. Effect of pH
  • 5.8.2.3. Effect of Dissolved solids
  • 5.8.2.4. Effect of pressure
  • 5.8.2.5. Mixing incompatible fluids
  • 5.9. Halite scale
  • 5.9.1. Mechanism of halite scale formation
  • 5.9.2. Factors affecting halite deposition
  • 5.9.2.1. Effect of temperature
  • 5.9.2.2. Effect of pressure.

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