http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
from molecules to translational medical science
This book focuses on established cardiovascular principles andhighlights some of the progress achieved by recent research in thecardiovascular field. The book describes the structure and function of theheart and vascular system for the reader to understand how the cardiovascularsystem responds in both health and disease.
Preface xiii -- Acknowledgments xv -- List of Boxes xvii -- List of Abbreviations xix -- 1 Cardiovascular System 1 -- 1.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 1 -- 1.2 Conditions Necessary for Blood Movements in the Cardiovascular System 4 -- 1.3 The Sections of the Cardiovascular System 9 -- 1.4 The Blood Contenied in the Various Sections of the Cardiovascular System 14 -- 2 Structure and Function of the Myocardial Fiber 17 -- 2.1 Myocardial Fiber 17 -- 2.2 Myofibrillar or Contractile Proteins 20 -- 2.3 Regulatory Proteins 24 -- 2.4 Structural Proteins 25 -- 3 Cardiac Electrophysiology 27 -- 3.1 Cardiac Electrophysiology: Overview 27 -- 3.2 Genesis of Resting Membrane Potential 31 -- 3.3 The Action Potential 35 -- 3.4 After Depolarizations 39 -- 4 Functional Tissue of the Heart 41 -- 4.1 The Properties of Functional Tissues of the Heart 41 -- 4.1.1 Automatism or Chronotropism 41 -- 4.1.2 Excitability or Bathmotropism 45 -- 4.1.3 Conductivity or Dromotropism: Origin and Diffusion of the Cardiac Impulse 48 -- 4.1.4 Contractility or Inotropism 51 -- 4.1.4.1 The cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle 51 -- 4.1.4.2 Isometric and isotonic contraction 53 -- 4.1.4.3 Isotonic contraction with a suspended load 54 -- 4.1.4.4 Mixed contraction: isometric and isotonic contraction with a sustained load 55 -- 4.1.4.5 Mixed contraction with different preload and afterloads 55 -- 4.1.4.6 Contractility and the strength of contraction in the heart 57 -- 4.2 Cardiac Contractility and Heavy Meromyosin Isoforms 60 -- 4.3 Excitation-Contraction Coupling 61 -- 5 The Cardiac Cycle 65 -- 5.1 The Heart as a Pressure Gradient Generator 65 -- 5.2 The Phases of the Cardiac Cycle 66 -- 5.2.1 The Isovolumic Systole 68 -- 5.2.2 The Ventricular Ejection Phase 69 -- 5.2.2.1 The ejection with acceleration 69 -- 5.2.2.2 The ejection with deceleration 69 -- 5.2.3 The Protodiastole 72 -- 5.2.4 The Isovolumic Relaxation Phase 73 -- 5.2.5 The Rapid Ventricular Filling Phase 74 -- 5.2.6 The Slow Ventricular Filling Phase 74.
5.2.7 The Atrial Systole Phase 75 -- 5.3 The Atrial Pressure Curve 76 -- 5.4 The Cycle of the Right Heart 76 -- 5.5 Changes in the Heart Rate and Duration of the Phases of the Cardiac Cycle 77 -- 5.6 The Hemodynamic Role of Atrial Systole 80 -- 5.7 The Aortic Flow Curve 82 -- 5.7.1 The Sounds and the Heart Murmurs 84 -- 5.7.2 Auscultation Points 87 -- 5.7.3 Murmurs 87 -- 5.8 Cardiac Volumes and Ejection Fraction 88 -- 5.9 The Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loop 90 -- 6 Cardiac Output and the Venous Return to the Heart 95 -- 6.1 The Cardiac Output 95 -- 6.2 Factors Determining the Venous Return to the Heart 96 -- 6.3 The Central Venous Pressure 100 -- 6.4 The Cardiac Output and the Venous Return 101 -- 6.5 The Cardiac Output in the Compensated and Decompensated Heart Failure 105 -- 6.5.1 The Valsalva Maneuver 107 -- 7 Regulation of Cardiac Contraction Force 109 -- 7.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart Contractile Force 109 -- 7.1.1 Intrinsic Heterometric Regulation of Contractile Force 110 -- 7.1.1.1 Mechanisms of the Frank-Starling law 116 -- 7.1.2 Intrinsic Homeometric Regulation of Contractile Force: Anrep Phenomenon and Bowditch or Scale Phenomenon 118 -- 7.1.2.1 The phenomenon of Anrep 118 -- 7.1.2.2 The Bowditch effect or staircase phenomenon 119 -- 7.1.3 Extrinsic Nervous and Humoral Regulation 120 -- 7.1.3.1 The Nervous Regulation 121 -- 7.1.4 The Humoral Regulation 123 -- 7.2 Combined Effect of Heterometric and Homeometric Regulation 124 -- 7.3 The Regulation of Cardiac Contraction Force and Heart Failure 127 -- 7.4 Heart Efficiency: Effort Required by the Heart for Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume 130 -- 8 Arterial Pressure 133 -- 8.1 The Device and the Law of Poiseuille 133 -- 8.2 The Mechanical Factors of Arterial Pressure 138 -- 8.2.1 Increased Stroke Volume 138 -- 8.2.2 Increase in Heart Rate 139 -- 8.2.3 Increasing Total Peripheral Resistance 140 -- 8.3 Measurement of Resistance 141 -- 8.4 Parallel Arrangement of District Resistance 142.
8.5 The Regulation of Vascular Resistance 144 -- 8.6 The Arterial Windkessel and the Arterial Pressure 146 -- 8.7 The Impedance to Ventricular Ejection 148 -- 8.8 The Velocity of Propagation and the Length of Pressure Wave 149 -- 8.9 The Oscillations of I, II and III Order of Arterial Pressure 153 -- 8.10 The Mechanisms of Control of Arterial Pressure 154 -- 8.10.1 Short-term Control Mechanisms 156 -- 8.10.1.1 Ischemic response of the central nervous system (CNS) 157 -- 8.10.1.2 Baroreceptor system 157 -- 8.10.1.3 Chemoreceptor system 159 -- 8.10.2 Medium-term Control Mechanisms 160 -- 8.10.2.1 Exchanges of liquid through the capillary wall 160 -- 8.10.2.2 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 161 -- 8.10.2.3 Stress-relaxation phenomenon 162 -- 8.10.3 The Long-term Control Mechanisms 162 -- 8.10.3.1 Kidney-body fluids system 162 -- 8.11 Hemodynamic and Arterial Pressure Modifications in the Physical Exercise 163 -- 8.12 The Measurement of Arterial Pressure in Humans 165 -- 8.13 The Arterial Pulse 166 -- 8.14 The Venous Pulse 168 -- 9 Work and Heart Metabolism 173 -- 9.1 The Work of the Heart 173 -- 9.2 Heart Performance 176 -- 9.3 The Metabolism of the Myocardium 178 -- 10 Electrocardiogram 181 -- 10.1 The Definition of Electrocardiogram and Dipole Theory 181 -- 10.2 Morphology and the Meaning of Electrocardiographic Waves 192 -- 10.2.1 Electrocardiographic Intervals and Segments 196 -- 10.3 Electrocardiographic Leads on the Front Plane and the Electrical Axis of the Heart 199 -- 10.3.1 Leads on the Frontal Plane 199 -- 10.3.1.1 Bipolar limb leads 199 -- 10.3.1.2 Unipolar limb leads 202 -- 10.3.2 Leads on the Horizontal Plane 207 -- 10.4 Electrocardiographic Aspects of Conduction Disorders and of the Main Arrhythmias 209 -- 10.4.1 Conduction Disorders 209 -- 10.4.1.1 Sino-atrial block 210 -- 10.4.1.2 Atrio-ventricular blocks 210 -- 10.4.1.3 The bundle-branch block 214 -- 10.4.2 Extrasystoles and Tachyarrhythmias 215 -- 10.4.2.1 Extrasystoles 215 -- 10.4.2.2 Tachyarrhythmias 220.
7.3.5.1 Gray-Markel method of IIR lattice structure for ladder coefficients 328 -- 7.3.5.2 Calculation of ladder coefficients using Gray-Markel method 329 -- 7.4 Implementation of Filters 330 -- 7.5 Problems and Solutions 332 -- 8 Introduction to Digital Filters 359 -- 8.1 Introduction 359 -- 8.1.1 Types of Filters 359 -- 8.1.2 Classification of Filters DevelopmentWise 360 -- 8.1.3 Analog Filters 360 -- 8.1.4 Types of Analog Filter 360 -- 8.2 Digital Filters 360 -- 8.3 Importance and Advantages 361 -- 8.4 Disadvantages 361 -- 8.4.1 Speed Limitation 361 -- 8.4.2 FiniteWord-Length Effects 362 -- 8.4.3 Limit Cycles 362 -- 8.4.4 Long Design and Development Times 363 -- 8.5 Types of Digital Filters 363 -- 8.5.1 FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters 363 -- 8.5.2 IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters 364 -- 8.6 Choosing between FIR and IIR Filters 364 -- 8.7 Tolerance Scheme of FIR and IIR Filters 365 -- 8.7.1 FIR Filters 365 -- 8.7.2 IIR Filters 367 -- 8.8 FIR and IIR Filter Design Stages 368 -- 8.8.1 Filter Specification 368 -- 8.8.2 Coefficient Calculation 368 -- 8.8.3 Realization 369 -- 8.8.4 Analysis of FiniteWord-Length Effects 369 -- 8.8.5 Implementation 369 -- 8.9 Filters Coefficient Calculation Methods 369 -- 8.9.1 FIR Filters Coefficient Calculation Methods 369 -- 8.9.2 IIR Filters Coefficient Calculation Methods 370 -- 8.9.3 Summary of Filters Coefficient Calculation Methods 370 -- 9 Step-by-Step Design of Digital FIR Filters 373 -- 9.1 Introduction 373 -- 9.2 Why is it Called the Finite Impulse Response Filter? 373 -- 9.2.1 Features of FIR Filters 374 -- 9.2.2 Linear-Phase Implications 377 -- 9.2.2.1 Effect of phase distortion on signals 377 -- 9.2.2.2 Phase delay 377 -- 9.2.2.3 Group delay 378 -- 9.3 Type of FIR Filters 381 -- 9.3.1 Type-1 FIR Filter (Length of the filter N is odd) 381 -- 9.3.2 Type-II FIR Filter (Length of the filter N is even) 383 -- 9.3.3 Type III-FIR Filter (Length of the filter N is odd) 384 -- 9.3.4 Type-IV FIR Filter (Length of the filter N is even) 386 -- 9.4 Basic Principle of FIR Filter Design 396 -- 9.4.1 Windows Used in FIR Filters 397 -- 9.4.1.1 Windowing a signal 398 -- 9.4.1.2 Rectangular window 398 -- 9.4.1.3 Hanning window 398 -- 9.4.1.4 Hamming window 400 -- 9.5 Design of FIR Filter using the Window Method 402 -- 9.5.1 To Find the Filter Coefficients usingWindow 405 -- 9.5.2 Filter Design Steps for Non-causal Filters 405 -- 9.5.3 Filter Design Steps for Causal Filters 406 -- 9.5.4 Designing Other Types of FIR Filters 409 -- 9.5.5 Smearing Effect 415 -- 9.5.6 KaiserWindow 419 -- 9.5.6.1 Procedure to FIR filter design using Kaiser windows 420 -- 9.5.7 Comparison ofWindow Methods 421 -- 9.5.8 Analysis of Different FIR Filter Types 421 -- 9.5.9 Conclusion for the Types of FIR Filter 422 -- 9.5.10 Advantages/Disadvantages of the Window Method 422 -- 9.6 Problems and Solutions 422 -- 10 Step-by-Step Design of IIR Filters 457 -- 10.1 Introduction 457 -- 10.2 Analog Prototype Filters 457 -- 10.2.1 Preview of Butterworth Filter 458 -- 10.2.2 Preview of Chebyshev Filter 460 -- 10.2.3 Preview of Elliptic filter 462 -- 10.3 Basic Structure of IIR Filters 462 -- $a14.3 Splanchnic Circulation 342 -- 14.3.1 The Splenic Circulation and the Spleen 343 -- 14.3.2 The Mesenteric Circulation and the Intestinal Villi 343 -- 14.3.3 The Hepatic Circulation 345 -- 14.4 Circulation in the Skeletal Muscle 347 -- 14.5 Renal Circulation 350 -- 14.6 Cutaneous Circulation 354 -- 15 Pulmonary Circulation 357 -- 15.1 The Characteristics of Pulmonary Circulation 357 -- 15.2 Variations of Volume of the Lung and the Resistance to the Blood Flow 362 -- 15.3 The Chemical and Nervous Regulation of the Pulmonary Circulation 364 -- 15.4 The Formation of the Pulmonary Edema 365 -- 16 Coordinated Cardiovascular Adaptations 367 -- 16.1 Physical Exercise 367 -- 16.2 Alerting Response 371 -- 16.3 Responses to Hemorrhage 372 -- 17 Myocardial Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 377 -- 17.1 Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury 377 -- 17.2 Pre-Conditioning and Post-Conditioning 380 -- 17.3 Pharmacological Pre-Conditioning and Post-Conditioning 387 -- 18 Lymphatic Circulation 389 -- 18.1 Formation of the Linfa 389 -- 18.2 Lymphatic Vessels 390 -- 18.3 Lymphatic Flow 392 -- 19 Functional Imaging of the Cardiovascular System: How to Study Human Physiology In Vivo 395 -- 19.1 Functional Imaging vs Anatomical Imaging 395 -- 19.2 Functional Methods of Analysis 396 -- 19.2.1 Cardiac Catheterization 396 -- 19.2.1.1 Measurement of cardiac output 396 -- 19.2.1.2 Fractional flow reserve (FFR) 397 -- 19.2.1.3 Electrophysiological mapping 398 -- 19.2.1.4 Positron emission tomography (PET) 399 -- 19.2.2 Single-Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) 399 -- 19.2.3 Echocardiography 400 -- 19.2.4 Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT) 400 -- 19.2.5 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 401 -- 19.3 Physiological Parameters in Clinical Practice 402 -- 19.3.1 Contractile Function 402 -- 19.3.2 Myocardial Perfusion 404 -- 19.3.3 Myocardial Vitality 406 -- 19.3.4 Assessment of Blood Flow in Large Vessels and Cardiac Output 407 -- 19.3.5 Myocardial Oxygenation 408 -- 19.3.6 Electric Activation 408 -- About the Authors 411.
11 Vascular Hemodynamics 237 -- 11.1 Introduction 237 -- 11.2 The Total Energy of Fluids 237 -- 11.2.1 The Lateral, Head and Tail Pressures 239 -- 11.3 The Blood Viscosity 241 -- 11.4 The Laminar Flow and the Turbulent Flow 244 -- 11.5 The Visco-Elastic and Contractile Features of Vessels 247 -- 11.6 The Miogenic Regulation of the Radius of Resistance Vessels 251 -- 11.7 The Flow of the Blood According to the Waterfall Model 253 -- 11.8 The Wave of Flow Along the Arterial Tree 255 -- 11.9 The Microcirculation 256 -- 12 Nervous Control of the Cardiovascular System 261 -- 12.1 The Innervation of the Cardiovascular System 261 -- 12.2 Action of the Sympathetic and Vagal Nerves on the Heart 263 -- 12.2.1 Action of the Sympathetic Nerves on the Heart 264 -- 12.2.2 Action of the Vagus on the Heart 266 -- 12.3 Action of the Sympathetic Fibers on the Vessels 267 -- 12.4 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Receptors of the Cardiovascular Apparatus 268 -- 12.4.1 Adrenergic Receptors 268 -- 12.4.1.1 Alpha-receptors 269 -- 12.4.1.2 Beta-receptors 272 -- 12.4.2 Acetylcholine Receptors 275 -- 12.5 The Nervous Control Centers of the Cardiovascular Apparatus 276 -- 12.6 The Nervous Reflex Control of the Cardiovascular Apparatus 279 -- 12.6.1 The Baroreceptors 279 -- 12.6.2 The Ventricular Receptors 282 -- 12.6.3 Atrial Receptors are of Different Types 283 -- 12.6.4 Chemoreceptors 283 -- 12.6.5 The Axonic Reflexes 284 -- 12.7 The Control of the Blood Volume and the Bainbridge Reflex 285 -- 13 Humoral Control of the Cardiovascular System 289 -- 13.1 Catecholamines 289 -- 13.2 Endothial Factors 291 -- 13.2.1 Nitric Oxide 291 -- 13.2.2 Endothelial Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors 295 -- 13.2.3 Endothelial Contraction Factors 297 -- 13.2.4 Endothelial Dysfunction 299 -- 13.3 Other Humoral Factors That Act on the Cardiovascular Apparatus 301 -- 13.3.1 Serotonin 301 -- 13.3.2 Prostaglandins 302 -- 13.3.3 Plasma Kinins 302 -- 13.3.4 Histamine 303 -- 13.3.5 Antidiuretic Hormone 304 -- 13.3.6 Natriuretic Factors 305.
13.3.7 Orexins or Hypocretins 307 -- 13.4 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 308 -- 13.5 Apeline and the APJ Receptor 309 -- 14 District Circulations 313 -- 14.1 Coronary Circulation 313 -- 14.1.1 The Coronary Arteries and the Microcirculation 313 -- 14.1.2 The Venous Coronary Circulation 315 -- 14.1.3 Anastomosis of the Coronary Circulation 316 -- 14.1.4 The Resistance of the Coronary Circulation 316 -- 14.1.4.1 The phasic coronary flow and the compressive resistance 316 -- 14.1.4.2 Coronary autoregulative resistance 321 -- 14.1.4.3 Coronary viscous resistance 323 -- 14.1.5 Metabolic Mechanism 323 -- 14.1.6 Nervous Mechanisms 326 -- 14.1.7 Humoral Mechanisms 329 -- 14.1.8 Endothelial Mechanisms 330 -- 14.1.9 Myogenic Mechanism 332 -- 14.1.10 Coronary Flow at Rest and Under Stress 332 -- 14.1.11 Reactive Hyperemia 334 -- 14.1.12 The Coronary Reserve 336 -- 14.2 Cerebral Circulation 339 -- 14.2.1 Autoregulation and Metabolic Regulation 340 -- 14.2.2 Nervous Regulation 341
Pasquale Pagliaro, Claudia Penna, Raffaella Rastaldo.
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Basic Cardiovascular Physiology: from Molecules to Translational Medical Science
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