http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Overview of naturally occurring radioactive material/technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material from the contemporary oil and gas industry
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
"Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) contain primordial radionuclides, that is, radionuclides found on the Earth that have existed since before our solar system was formed. Primordial radionuclides are typically decay products of uranium and thorium. For purposes of this Commentary, technologically enhanced NORM (TENORM) generally results from the concentration or alteration of NORM radionuclides by humans and technology. Both NORM and TENORM can be associated with a wide variety of industries including mineral extraction, other forms of mining, phosphate fertilizer and elemental phosphorous production, and water treatment. Newer technologies associated with hydraulic fracturing, coupled with horizontal drilling, are termed 'unconventional oil and gas exploration and production,' and are now common across numerous states that are underlain with oil-and-gas-containing shale deposits. Because of the lack of national recommendations and regulations, the regulation of NORM/TENORM falls to the states and has resulted in inconsistencies across state regulations. The purpose of this Commentary is to review practices associated with contemporary methods of oil and gas exploration and production that have potential radiological concerns; evaluate the historical and current status of regulations pertinent to management of NORM/TENORM in the oil and gas industry; and recommend the topic areas for development in a comprehensive future report"--
Natural background -- Oil and gas operations that generate TENORM -- Historical and current regulatory framework -- Oil and gas TENORM management and disposition options -- Disposal modeling considerations -- Legal considerations -- Radiation protection issues and recommendations.
[prepared by NCRP Scientific Committee 5-2].
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Scientific Committee 5-2.
Bethesda, Maryland : National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, [2020]