http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Because of the uneven distribution of fresh water in time and space and the increasing human population, a large number of regions are experiencing water scarcity and stress. Membrane-based desalination technologies like reverse osmosis have the potential to solve the fresh water crisis in coastal areas. However, in many cases membrane performance is restricted by biofouling. Biofouling of Membrane Systems gives a comprehensive overview on the state of the art strategies to control biofouling in spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane systems and point to possible future research directions. Despite the fact that much research and development has been done to overcome biofouling in spiral wound membrane systems used for water treatment, biofouling is still a major practical problem causing performance decline and increased energy demand. Biofouling of Membrane Systems is divided into three sections including modelling and numerical analysis, non-destructive characterization and feed spacer geometry optimization. It focuses on the development of biomass in the feed channel of the membrane module and its effect on pressure drop and hydrodynamics. This book can be used to develop an integral strategy to control biofouling in spiral wound membrane systems. An overview of several potential complementary approaches to solve biofouling is given and an integrated approach for biofouling control and feed spacer design is proposed.
Chapter 1 -- New approaches to characterizing and understanding biofouling of spiral wound membrane systems Chapter 2 -- Effect of flow velocity, substrate concentration and hydraulic cleaning on biofouling of reverse osmosis feed channels Chapter 3 -- Modelling the effect of biofilm formation on reverse osmosis performance: Flux, feed channel pressure drop and solute passage Chapter 4 -- Combined biofouling and scaling in membrane feed channels: A new modelling approach Chapter 5 -- Effect of different commercial feed spacers on biofouling of reverse osmosis membrane systems: A numerical study Chapter 6 -- In-situ biofilm characterization in membrane systems using Optical Coherence Tomography: Formation, structure, detachment and impact of flux change Chapter 7 -- Early non-destructive biofouling detection and spatial distribution: Application of oxygen sensing optodes Chapter 8 -- Chemical cleaning of biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging Chapter 9 -- Early non-destructive biofouling detection in spiral wound RO membranes using a mobile earth's field NMR Chapter 10 -- Experimental and numerical characterization of the water flow in spacer-filled channels of spiral-wound membranes Chapter 11 -- Spacer geometry and particle deposition in spiral wound membrane feed channels Chapter 12 -- Characterization of feed channel spacer performance using geometries obtained by X-ray computed tomography Chapter 13 -- Development and characterization of 3D-printed feed spacers for spiral wound membrane system Chapter 14 -- Strategies for biofouling mitigation in spiral wound membrane systems.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 293-319) and index.