http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Fatigue Design of Marine Structures provides students and professionals with a theoretical and practical background for fatigue design of marine structures including sailing ships, offshore structures for oil and gas production, and other welded structures subject to dynamic loading such as wind turbine structures. Industry expert Inge Lotsberg brings more than forty years of experience in design and standards-setting to this comprehensive guide to the basics of fatigue design of welded structures. Topics covered include laboratory testing, S-N data, different materials, different environments, stress concentrations, residual stresses, acceptance criteria, non-destructive testing, improvement methods, probability of failure, bolted connections, grouted connections, and fracture mechanics. Featuring 20 chapters, 300 diagrams, 47 example calculations, and resources for further study, Fatigue Design of Marine Structures is intended as the complete reference work for study and practice.
Cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I.1 History of Fatigue -- I.2 Examples of Fatigue Failures of Marine Structures -- I.2.1 The Alexander L. Kielland Accident -- I.2.2 Fatigue and Fracture of a Mooring Chain -- I.2.3 Fatigue Cracking in Ship Side of a Shuttle Tanker -- I.3 Types of Marine Structures -- I.4 Design Methodology for Marine Structures -- I.5 Overview of Fatigue Analysis Examples in This Book -- 1 Fatigue Degradation Mechanism and Failure Modes -- 1.1 General -- 1.2 Low Cycle and High Cycle Fatigue -- 1.3 Failure Modes due to Fatigue -- 1.3.1 Fatigue Crack Growth from the Weld Toe into the Base Material -- 1.3.2 Fatigue Crack Growth from the Weld Root through the Fillet Weld -- 1.3.3 Fatigue Crack Growth from the Weld Root into the Section under the Weld -- 1.3.4 Fatigue Crack Growth from a Surface Irregularity or Notch into the Base Material -- 2 Fatigue Testing and Assessment of Test Data -- 2.1 Planning of Testing -- 2.1.1 Constant Amplitude versus Variable Amplitude Testing -- 2.1.2 Fabrication of Test Specimens -- 2.1.3 Residual Stresses and Stress Ratio during Testing -- 2.1.4 Number of Tests -- 2.1.5 Instrumentation -- 2.1.6 Test Frequency -- 2.1.7 Measurements and Documentation of Test Data -- 2.1.8 Assessment of Test Data -- 2.2 Butt Welds in Piles -- 2.2.1 Material Data and Fabrication of Test Specimens -- 2.2.2 Measured Residual Stresses -- 2.2.3 Assessment of the Test Data -- 2.3 Details in Ship Structures -- 2.3.1 Fatigue Testing -- 2.3.2 Geometry and Fabrication of Specimens -- 2.3.3 Additional Test Results for Model 4 -- 2.3.4 Additional Test Results for Model 5 -- 2.3.5 Effect of Stress Gradient at Weld Toe -- 2.3.6 Hot Spot Stress for the Tested Specimens -- 2.4 Side Longitudinals in Ships -- 2.4.1 Test Arrangement -- 2.4.2 Instrumentation.
2.4.3 Testing -- 2.4.4 Assessment of Fatigue Test Data -- 2.4.5 Comparison of Calculated Stress by Finite Element Analysis and Measured Data -- 2.5 Fillet Welded Connections -- 2.5.1 Fillet Welds Subjected to Axial Load -- 2.5.2 Fillet Welded Tubular Members Subjected to Combined Axial and Shear Load -- 2.5.3 Correction of Test Data for Measured Misalignment -- 2.5.4 Assessment of Test Data -- 2.5.5 Comparison of Design Equations with Test Data for Combined Loading -- 2.6 Doubling Plates or Cover Plates -- 2.6.1 Background -- 2.6.2 Test Program and Preparation of Test Specimens -- 2.6.3 Fatigue Testing -- 2.6.4 Assessment of Test Data -- 2.7 Effect of Stress Direction Relative to Weld Toe -- 2.7.1 Constant Stress Direction -- 2.7.2 Fatigue Test Data -- 2.7.3 Design Procedures in Different Design Standards -- 2.7.4 Comparison of Design Procedures with Fatigue Test Data -- 2.7.5 Varying Stress Direction during a Load Cycle -- 3 Fatigue Design Approaches -- 3.1 Methodology for Assessment of Low Cycle Fatigue -- 3.1.1 Cyclic Strain and Fatigue Strength -- 3.1.2 Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve -- 3.1.3 Strain-Based Approach for Assessment of Fatigue Life -- 3.1.4 Relationship between Elastic Strain and Nonlinear Elastic Strain -- 3.1.5 Notch Sensitivity and Fatigue Strength of Notched Specimens -- 3.1.6 Combination of Fatigue Damage from Low Cycle and High Cycle Fatigue -- 3.2 Methodology for Assessment of High Cycle Fatigue -- 3.2.1 Calculation of Stresses and Relation to Different S-N Curves -- 3.2.2 Guidance Regarding When Detailed Fatigue Analysis Is Required -- 3.2.3 Fatigue Damage Accumulation- Palmgren-Miner Rule -- 3.3 Residual Stresses -- 3.3.1 Residual Stresses due to Fabrication -- 3.3.2 Shakedown of Residual Stresses -- 3.3.3 Mean Stress Reduction Factor for Base Material -- 3.3.4 Residual Stress in Shell Plates in Tubular Towers after Cold Forming.
3.3.5 Mean Stress Reduction Factor for Post-Weld Heat-Treated Welds -- 3.3.6 Mean Stress Reduction Factor for Inspection Planning for Fatigue Cracks in As-Welded Structures -- 4 S-N Curves -- 4.1 Design S-N Curves -- 4.1.1 General -- 4.1.2 S-N Curves and Joint Classification Using Nominal Stresses -- 4.1.3 S-N Curves for Steel Details in Air -- 4.1.4 Comparison of S-N Curves for Details in Air in Design Standards -- 4.1.5 S-N Curves for Material with High-Strength Steel -- 4.1.6 S-N Curves for Details in Seawater with Cathodic Protection -- 4.1.7 S-N Curves for Details in Seawater with Free Corrosion -- 4.1.8 S-N Curves for Sour Environment -- 4.1.9 S-N Curves for the Notch Stress Method -- 4.1.10 S-N Curves for Stainless Steel -- 4.1.11 S-N Curves for Umbilicals -- 4.1.12 S-N Curves for Copper Wires -- 4.1.13 S-N Curves for Aluminum Structures -- 4.1.14 S-N Curves for Titanium Risers -- 4.1.15 S-N Curves for Chains -- 4.1.16 S-N Curves for Wires -- 4.1.17 S-N Curves for Concrete Structures -- 4.2 Failure Criteria Inherent in S-N Curves -- 4.3 Mean Stress Effect -- 4.4 Effect of Material Yield Strength -- 4.4.1 Base Material -- 4.4.2 Welded Structures -- 4.5 Effect of Fabrication Tolerances -- 4.6 Initial Defects and Defects Inherent in S-N Data -- 4.6.1 Types of Defects in Welded Connections -- 4.6.2 Acceptance Criteria and Link to Design S-N Curves -- 4.7 Size and Thickness Effects -- 4.7.1 Base Material -- 4.7.2 Welded Connections -- 4.7.3 Size Effect in Design Standards -- 4.7.4 Calibration of Analysis Methods to Fatigue Test Data -- 4.7.5 Cast Joints -- 4.7.6 Weld Length Effect -- 4.8 Effect of Temperature on Fatigue Strength -- 4.9 Effect of Environment on Fatigue Strength -- 4.9.1 Condition in Fresh Water -- 4.9.2 Effect of Cathodic Protection in Seawater -- 4.9.3 Corrosion Fatigue -- 4.9.4 Effect of Coating.
4.10 Selection of S-N Curves for Piles -- 4.10.1 S-N Curves for Pile Driving -- 4.10.2 S-N Curves for Installed Condition -- 4.11 Derivation of Characteristic and Design S-N Curves -- 4.11.1 General -- 4.11.2 Requirements for Confidence for Fatigue Assessment in the Literature and in Design Standards -- 4.12 Requirements for Confidence Levels, as Calculated by Probabilistic Methods -- 4.12.1 Probabilistic Analysis -- 4.12.2 Analysis Results for a Design-Life Approach to Safety -- 4.12.3 Analysis Results for a Per Annum Approach to Safety -- 4.12.4 Effect of Uncertainty in Loading Included -- 4.12.5 Case with Known Standard Deviation -- 4.12.6 Combination of Cases -- 4.13 Justifying the Use of a Given Design S-N Curve from a New Data Set -- 4.13.1 Methodology -- 4.13.2 Example of Analysis of Testing of Connectors, Case A -- 4.13.3 Example of Analysis, Case B -- 4.13.4 Example of Fatigue Proof Testing of Connector in Tethers of a Tension Leg Platform -- 5 Stresses in Plated Structures -- 5.1 Butt Welds in Unstiffened Plates -- 5.2 Fillet Welds -- 5.3 Butt Welds in Stiffened Plates -- 5.3.1 Background -- 5.3.2 Finite Element Analysis of Stiffened Plates -- 5.3.3 Analytical Equations for Stress Concentrations at Butt Welds in Plated Structures -- 5.3.4 Effect of Fabrication Tolerances in Plated Structures in Fatigue Design Standards -- 5.4 Openings with and without Reinforcements -- 5.4.1 Circular Hole in a Plate -- 5.4.2 Elliptical Hole in a Plate -- 5.4.3 Rectangular Holes -- 5.4.4 Scallops or Cope Holes -- 5.5 Fatigue Assessment Procedure for Welded Penetrations -- 5.5.1 Critical Hot Spot Areas -- 5.5.2 Stress Direction Relative to Weld Toe -- 5.5.3 Stress Concentration Factors for Holes with Reinforcement -- 5.5.4 Procedure for Fatigue Assessment -- 5.5.5 Comparison of Analysis Procedure with Fatigue Test Data.
5.5.6 Example Calculation of the Fillet Welds in the Alexander L. Kielland Platform -- 6 Stress Concentration Factors for Tubular and Shell Structures Subjected to Axial Loads -- 6.1 Classical Shell Theory -- 6.2 Girth Welds -- 6.2.1 Circumferential Welds in Tubular Members -- 6.2.2 Closure Welds at Stubs -- 6.3 SCFs for Girth Welds in Tubular Members -- 6.4 Recommended SCFs for Tubular Girth Welds -- 6.5 Application of Eccentricity to Achieve an Improved Fatigue Strength -- 6.6 Example of Fatigue Assessment of Anode Attachment Close to a Circumferential Weld in a Jacket Leg -- 6.7 Ring Stiffeners -- 6.7.1 Example: Assessment of Stress Concentration Inherent in Nominal Stress S-N curves -- 6.7.2 Example: Fatigue Assessment of a Drum -- 6.8 Conical Transitions -- 6.8.1 Weld at Conical Junction -- 6.8.2 Example of Conical Transition in Monopile for Wind Turbine Structure -- 6.8.3 Conical Transition with Ring Stiffeners at the Junctions -- 6.8.4 Conical Transition with Ring Stiffener Placed Eccentrically at Junction -- 6.9 Tethers and Risers Subjected to Axial Tension -- 6.9.1 Example: Pretensioned Riser -- 7 Stresses at Welds in Pipelines, Risers, and Storage Tanks -- 7.1 Stresses at Girth Welds and Ring Stiffeners due to Axial Force -- 7.1.1 General -- 7.1.2 Circumferential Butt Welds in Pipes at Thickness Transitions and with Fabrication Tolerances -- 7.1.3 Nominal Stress in Pipe Wall and Derivation of Hot Spot Stresses -- 7.1.4 Stress Distribution in Pipe Away from a Butt Weld with Fabrication Tolerances -- 7.2 Stresses at Seam Weld due to Out-of-Roundness of Fabricated Pipes and Internal Pressure -- 7.3 Stresses at Ring Stiffeners due to Internal Pressure -- 7.4 Stresses at Thickness Transitions due to Internal Pressure -- 7.4.1 Circumferential Butt Welds in Pipes with Different Thicknesses.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.