Guidelines for pressure relief and effluent handling systems

• Corporate Author: American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Center for Chemical Process Safety (Author)
• Format: Electronic eBook
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017]
• Edition: Second edition.
• Subjects: Chemical plants > Waste disposal.; Hazardous wastes > Management.; Relief valves.; Sewage disposal.; elektronické knihy; electronic books
• ISBN: 9781119330264; 1119330262; 9781119330295; 1119330297; 9780470767733; 0470767731
• Physical Description: 1 online resource

Table of Contents:

• Intro
• GUIDELINES FOR PRESSURE RELIEF AND EFFLUENT HANDLING SYSTEMS
• Dedications
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• In Memoriam
• Files on the Web Accompanying This Book
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Objective
• 1.2 Scope
• 1.3 Design Codes and Regulations, and Sources of Information
• 1.4 Organization of This Book
• 1.5 General Pressure and Relief System Design Criteria
• 1.5.1 Process Hazard Analysis
• 1.5.2 Process Safety Information
• 1.5.3 Problems Inherent in Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems
• 2 Relief Design Criteria and Strategy
• 2.1 Limitations of the Technology
• 2.2 General Pressure Relief Strategy
• 2.2.1 Mechanism of Pressure Relief
• 2.2.2 Approach to Design
• 2.2.3 Limitations of Systems Actuated by Pressure
• 2.3 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
• 2.3.1 Scope of Principal USA Documents
• 2.3.2 General Provisions
• 2.3.3 Protection by System Design
• 2.4 Relief Device Types and Operation
• 2.4.1 General Terminology
• 2.4.2 Pressure Relief Valves
• 2.4.3 Rupture Disk Devices
• 2.4.4 Devices in Combination (Series)
• 2.4.5 Low Pressure Relief Valves &amp
• Vents
• 2.4.6 Miscellaneous Relief System Components
• 2.4.7 Selection of Pressure Relief Devices
• 2.5 Relief System Layout
• 2.5.1 General Code Requirements
• 2.5.2 Pressure Relief Valves
• 2.5.3 Rupture Disk Devices
• 2.5.4 Low-Pressure Devices
• 2.5.5 Devices in Series
• 2.5.6 Devices in Parallel
• 2.5.7 Header Systems
• 2.5.8 Mechanical Integrity
• 2.5.9 Material Selection
• 2.5.10 Drainage and Freeze-up Provisions
• 2.5.11 Noise
• 2.6 Design Flows and Code Provisions
• 2.6.1 Safety Valves
• 2.6.2 Incompressible Liquid Flow
• 2.6.3 Low Pressure Devices
• 2.6.4 Rupture Disk Devices
• 2.6.5 Devices in Combination
• 2.6.6 Miscellaneous Nonreclosing Devices.
• 2.7 Scenario Selection Considerations
• 2.7.1 Events Requiring Relief Due to Overpressure
• 2.7.2 Design Scenarios
• 2.8 Fluid Properties and System Characterization
• 2.8.1 Property Data Sources/Determination/Estimation
• 2.8.2 Pure-Component Properties
• 2.8.3 Mixture Properties
• 2.8.4 Phase Behavior
• 2.8.5 Chemical Reaction
• 2.8.6 Miscellaneous Fluid Characteristics
• 2.9 Fluid Behavior in Vessel
• 2.9.1 Accounting for Chemical Reactions
• 2.9.2 Two-Phase Venting Conditions and Effects
• 2.10 Flow of Fluids Through Relief Systems
• 2.10.1 Conditions for Two-Phase Flow
• 2.10.2 Nature of Compressible Flow
• 2.10.3 Stagnation Pressure and Non-recoverable Pressure Loss
• 2.10.4 Flow Rate to Effluent Handling System
• 2.11 Relief System Reliability
• 2.11.1 Relief Device Reliability
• 2.11.2 System Reliability
• 3 Requirements for Relief System Design
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.1.1 Required Background
• 3.2 Vessel Venting Background
• 3.2.1 General Considerations
• 3.2.2 Schematics and Principle Variables, Properties and Parameters
• 3.2.3 Basic Mass and Energy Balances
• 3.2.4 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
• 3.2.5 Energy Input or Output
• 3.2.6 Solution Methods Using Computer Tools
• 3.2.7 Mass and Energy Balance Simplifications
• 3.2.8 Limiting Cases
• 3.2.9 Vapor/Liquid Disengagement
• 3.3 Venting Requirements for Nonreacting Cases
• 3.3.1 Heating or Cooling of a Constant Volume Vessel
• 3.3.2 Excess Inflow/Outflow
• 3.3.3 Additional Techniques and Considerations
• 3.4 Calorimetry for Emergency Relief System Design
• 3.4.1 Executive Summary
• 3.4.2 Runaway Reaction Effects
• 3.4.3 Reaction Basics
• 3.4.4 Reaction Screening and Chemistry Identification
• 3.4.5 Measuring Reaction Rates
• 3.4.6 Experimental Test Design
• 3.4.7 Calorimetry Data Interpretation and Analysis.
• 3.5 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases
• 3.5.1 Executive Summary
• 3.5.2 Overview of Reactive Relief Load
• 3.5.3 Analytical Methods
• 3.5.4 Dynamic Computer Modeling
• 3.5.5 Closing Comment
• 4 Methods for Relief System Design
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.1.1 Relief System Sizing Computational Strategy and Tools for Relief Design
• 4.2 Manual and Spreadsheet Methods for Relief Valve Sizing
• 4.2.1 Relief Valve Sizing Fundamental Equations
• 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow Methods
• 4.2.3 Relief Valve Sizing
• Discharge Coefficient
• 4.2.4 Relief Valve Sizing
• Choking in Nozzle and Valve Exit
• 4.3 Miscellaneous
• 4.3.1 Low-Pressure Devices
• Liquid Flow
• 4.3.2 Low-Pressure Devices
• Gas Flow
• 4.3.3 Low-Pressure Devices
• Two-Phase Flow
• 4.3.4 Low-Pressure Devices
• Associated Piping
• 4.4 Piping
• 4.4.1 Piping
• Fundamental Equations
• 4.4.2 Piping
• Pipe Friction Factors
• 4.4.3 Incompressible (Liquid) Flow
• 4.4.4 Piping Adiabatic Compressible Flow
• 4.4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow
• 4.4.6 Homogeneous Two-Phase Pipe Flow
• 4.4.7 Piping
• Separated Two-Phase Flows
• 4.4.8 Slip/Holdup
• 4.4.9 Piping
• Temperature Effects
• 4.5 Rupture Disk Device Systems
• 4.5.1 Rupture Disks
• Nozzle Model
• 4.5.2 Rupture Disks
• Pipe Model
• 4.6 Multiple Devices
• 4.6.1 Multiple Devices in Parallel
• 4.6.2 Multiple Devices
• Rupture Disk Device Upstream of a PRV
• 4.6.3 Multiple Devices
• Rupture Disk Device Downstream of a PRV
• 4.7 Worked Example Index
• 5 Additional Considerations for Relief System Design
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Reaction Forces
• 5.3 Background
• 5.4 Selection of Design Case
• 5.5 Design Methods
• 5.5.1 Steady State Exit Force from Flow Discharging to the Atmosphere
• 5.5.2 Dynamic Load Factor
• 5.6 Selection of Design Flow Rate and Dynamic Load Factor
• 5.6.1 Rupture Disks
• 5.6.2 Safety Relief Valves.
• 5.7 Transient Forces on Relief Device Discharge Piping
• 5.7.1 Liquid Relief
• 5.7.2 Gas Relief
• 5.7.3 Two-Phase Flow
• 5.8 Pipe Tension
• 5.8.1 Safety Relief Valves
• 5.8.2 Rupture Disks
• 5.9 Real Gases
• 5.10 Changes in Pipe Size
• 5.11 Location of Anchors
• 5.12 Exit Geometry
• 5.13 Worked Examples
• 6 Handling Emergency Relief Effluents
• 6.1 General Strategy
• 6.2 Basis for Selection of Equipment
• 6.3 Determining if Direct Discharge to Atmosphere is Acceptable
• 6.4 Factors That Influence Selection of Effluent Treatment Systems
• 6.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
• 6.4.2 Two-Phase Flow and Foaming
• 6.4.3 Passive or Active Systems
• 6.4.4 Technology Status and Reliability
• 6.4.5 Discharging to a Common Collection System
• 6.4.6 Plant Geography
• 6.4.7 Space Availability
• 6.4.8 Turndown
• 6.4.9 Vapor-Liquid Separation
• 6.4.10 Possible Condensation and Vapor-Condensate Hammer
• 6.4.11 Time Availability
• 6.4.12 Capital and Continuing Costs
• 6.5 Methods of Effluent Handling
• 6.5.1 Containment
• 6.5.2 Direct Discharge to Atmosphere
• 6.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Separators
• 6.5.4 Quench Tanks
• 6.5.5 Scrubbers (Absorbers)
• 6.5.6 Flares
• 7 Design Methods for Handling Effluent from Emergency Relief Systems
• 7.1 Design Basis Selection
• 7.2 Total Containment Systems
• 7.2.1 Containment in Original Vessel
• 7.2.2 Containment in External Vessel (Dump Tank or Catch Tank)
• 7.3 Relief Devices, Discharge Piping, and Collection Headers
• 7.3.1 Corrosion
• 7.3.2 Brittle Metal Fracture
• 7.3.3 Deposition
• 7.3.4 Vibration
• 7.3.5 Cleaning
• 7.4 Vapor-Liquid Gravity Separators
• 7.4.1 Separator Inlet Velocity Considerations
• 7.4.2 Horizontal Gravity Separators
• 7.4.3 Vertical Gravity Separators
• 7.4.4 Separator Safety Considerations and Features
• 7.4.5 Separator Vessel Design and Instrumentation.
• 7.5 Cyclone Separators
• 7.5.1 Droplet Removal Efficiency
• 7.5.2 Design Procedure
• 7.5.3 Cyclone Separator Sizing Procedure
• 7.5.4 Alternate Cyclone Separator Design Procedure
• 7.5.5 Cyclone Reaction Force
• 7.6 Quench Pools
• 7.6.1 Design Procedure Overview
• 7.6.2 Design Parameter Interrelations
• 7.6.3 Quench Pool Liquid Selection
• 7.6.4 Quench Tank Operating Pressure
• 7.6.5 Quench Pool Heat Balance
• 7.6.6 Quench Pool Dimensions
• 7.6.7 Sparger Design
• 7.6.8 Handling Effluent from Multiple Relief Devices
• 7.6.9 Reverse Flow Problems
• 7.6.10 Vapor-Condensate Hammer
• 7.6.11 Mechanical Design Loads
• 7.6.12 Worked Example Index for Discharge Handling System Design
• Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Glossary
• Nomenclature
• Appendix A: SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite
• Description and Instructions
• A.1 Scope
• A.2 Software Functions
• A.2.1 Source Term Flow Calculation
• A.2.2 Emergency Relief Requirement Calculations
• A.2.3 Physical Properties
• A.2.4 Piping Isometrics
• A.2.5 Specifying Vessel Designs
• A.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™
• Appendix B: CCFlow, TPHEM and COMFLOW Description and Instructions
• B.1 Scope
• B.1.1 Uncertainties
• B.2 CCFlow Calculation Options
• B.2.1 Opening and Running CCFlow
• B.2.2 File Operations
• B.2.3 Help Files
• B.2.4 Other Operations
• B.2.5 CCFlow Input Menu Errata
• B.3 TPHEM Calculation Options
• B.3.1 Running TPHEM with File Input
• B.4 COMFLOW Calculation Options
• B.4.1 Running COMFLOW
• Appendix C: SuperChems™ for DIERS
• Description and Instructions
• C.1 Scope
• C.2 Software Functions
• C.2.1 Main Menu Tabs
• C.2.2 Define Tab
• C.2.3 Dynamic Flow Simulation
• C.2.4 Steady-State Flow Calculations
• C.2.5 Properties Tab
• C.2.6 VLE Tab
• C.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™
• Appendix D: Venting Requirements.
• D.1 Worked Examples
• Emergency Venting.