http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Guidelines for pressure relief and effluent handling systems
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Intro -- GUIDELINES FOR PRESSURE RELIEF AND EFFLUENT HANDLING SYSTEMS -- Dedications -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- In Memoriam -- Files on the Web Accompanying This Book -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective -- 1.2 Scope -- 1.3 Design Codes and Regulations, and Sources of Information -- 1.4 Organization of This Book -- 1.5 General Pressure and Relief System Design Criteria -- 1.5.1 Process Hazard Analysis -- 1.5.2 Process Safety Information -- 1.5.3 Problems Inherent in Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems -- 2 Relief Design Criteria and Strategy -- 2.1 Limitations of the Technology -- 2.2 General Pressure Relief Strategy -- 2.2.1 Mechanism of Pressure Relief -- 2.2.2 Approach to Design -- 2.2.3 Limitations of Systems Actuated by Pressure -- 2.3 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines -- 2.3.1 Scope of Principal USA Documents -- 2.3.2 General Provisions -- 2.3.3 Protection by System Design -- 2.4 Relief Device Types and Operation -- 2.4.1 General Terminology -- 2.4.2 Pressure Relief Valves -- 2.4.3 Rupture Disk Devices -- 2.4.4 Devices in Combination (Series) -- 2.4.5 Low Pressure Relief Valves &amp -- Vents -- 2.4.6 Miscellaneous Relief System Components -- 2.4.7 Selection of Pressure Relief Devices -- 2.5 Relief System Layout -- 2.5.1 General Code Requirements -- 2.5.2 Pressure Relief Valves -- 2.5.3 Rupture Disk Devices -- 2.5.4 Low-Pressure Devices -- 2.5.5 Devices in Series -- 2.5.6 Devices in Parallel -- 2.5.7 Header Systems -- 2.5.8 Mechanical Integrity -- 2.5.9 Material Selection -- 2.5.10 Drainage and Freeze-up Provisions -- 2.5.11 Noise -- 2.6 Design Flows and Code Provisions -- 2.6.1 Safety Valves -- 2.6.2 Incompressible Liquid Flow -- 2.6.3 Low Pressure Devices -- 2.6.4 Rupture Disk Devices -- 2.6.5 Devices in Combination -- 2.6.6 Miscellaneous Nonreclosing Devices.
2.7 Scenario Selection Considerations -- 2.7.1 Events Requiring Relief Due to Overpressure -- 2.7.2 Design Scenarios -- 2.8 Fluid Properties and System Characterization -- 2.8.1 Property Data Sources/Determination/Estimation -- 2.8.2 Pure-Component Properties -- 2.8.3 Mixture Properties -- 2.8.4 Phase Behavior -- 2.8.5 Chemical Reaction -- 2.8.6 Miscellaneous Fluid Characteristics -- 2.9 Fluid Behavior in Vessel -- 2.9.1 Accounting for Chemical Reactions -- 2.9.2 Two-Phase Venting Conditions and Effects -- 2.10 Flow of Fluids Through Relief Systems -- 2.10.1 Conditions for Two-Phase Flow -- 2.10.2 Nature of Compressible Flow -- 2.10.3 Stagnation Pressure and Non-recoverable Pressure Loss -- 2.10.4 Flow Rate to Effluent Handling System -- 2.11 Relief System Reliability -- 2.11.1 Relief Device Reliability -- 2.11.2 System Reliability -- 3 Requirements for Relief System Design -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Required Background -- 3.2 Vessel Venting Background -- 3.2.1 General Considerations -- 3.2.2 Schematics and Principle Variables, Properties and Parameters -- 3.2.3 Basic Mass and Energy Balances -- 3.2.4 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties -- 3.2.5 Energy Input or Output -- 3.2.6 Solution Methods Using Computer Tools -- 3.2.7 Mass and Energy Balance Simplifications -- 3.2.8 Limiting Cases -- 3.2.9 Vapor/Liquid Disengagement -- 3.3 Venting Requirements for Nonreacting Cases -- 3.3.1 Heating or Cooling of a Constant Volume Vessel -- 3.3.2 Excess Inflow/Outflow -- 3.3.3 Additional Techniques and Considerations -- 3.4 Calorimetry for Emergency Relief System Design -- 3.4.1 Executive Summary -- 3.4.2 Runaway Reaction Effects -- 3.4.3 Reaction Basics -- 3.4.4 Reaction Screening and Chemistry Identification -- 3.4.5 Measuring Reaction Rates -- 3.4.6 Experimental Test Design -- 3.4.7 Calorimetry Data Interpretation and Analysis.
3.5 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases -- 3.5.1 Executive Summary -- 3.5.2 Overview of Reactive Relief Load -- 3.5.3 Analytical Methods -- 3.5.4 Dynamic Computer Modeling -- 3.5.5 Closing Comment -- 4 Methods for Relief System Design -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Relief System Sizing Computational Strategy and Tools for Relief Design -- 4.2 Manual and Spreadsheet Methods for Relief Valve Sizing -- 4.2.1 Relief Valve Sizing Fundamental Equations -- 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow Methods -- 4.2.3 Relief Valve Sizing -- Discharge Coefficient -- 4.2.4 Relief Valve Sizing -- Choking in Nozzle and Valve Exit -- 4.3 Miscellaneous -- 4.3.1 Low-Pressure Devices -- Liquid Flow -- 4.3.2 Low-Pressure Devices -- Gas Flow -- 4.3.3 Low-Pressure Devices -- Two-Phase Flow -- 4.3.4 Low-Pressure Devices -- Associated Piping -- 4.4 Piping -- 4.4.1 Piping -- Fundamental Equations -- 4.4.2 Piping -- Pipe Friction Factors -- 4.4.3 Incompressible (Liquid) Flow -- 4.4.4 Piping Adiabatic Compressible Flow -- 4.4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow -- 4.4.6 Homogeneous Two-Phase Pipe Flow -- 4.4.7 Piping -- Separated Two-Phase Flows -- 4.4.8 Slip/Holdup -- 4.4.9 Piping -- Temperature Effects -- 4.5 Rupture Disk Device Systems -- 4.5.1 Rupture Disks -- Nozzle Model -- 4.5.2 Rupture Disks -- Pipe Model -- 4.6 Multiple Devices -- 4.6.1 Multiple Devices in Parallel -- 4.6.2 Multiple Devices -- Rupture Disk Device Upstream of a PRV -- 4.6.3 Multiple Devices -- Rupture Disk Device Downstream of a PRV -- 4.7 Worked Example Index -- 5 Additional Considerations for Relief System Design -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Reaction Forces -- 5.3 Background -- 5.4 Selection of Design Case -- 5.5 Design Methods -- 5.5.1 Steady State Exit Force from Flow Discharging to the Atmosphere -- 5.5.2 Dynamic Load Factor -- 5.6 Selection of Design Flow Rate and Dynamic Load Factor -- 5.6.1 Rupture Disks -- 5.6.2 Safety Relief Valves.
5.7 Transient Forces on Relief Device Discharge Piping -- 5.7.1 Liquid Relief -- 5.7.2 Gas Relief -- 5.7.3 Two-Phase Flow -- 5.8 Pipe Tension -- 5.8.1 Safety Relief Valves -- 5.8.2 Rupture Disks -- 5.9 Real Gases -- 5.10 Changes in Pipe Size -- 5.11 Location of Anchors -- 5.12 Exit Geometry -- 5.13 Worked Examples -- 6 Handling Emergency Relief Effluents -- 6.1 General Strategy -- 6.2 Basis for Selection of Equipment -- 6.3 Determining if Direct Discharge to Atmosphere is Acceptable -- 6.4 Factors That Influence Selection of Effluent Treatment Systems -- 6.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties -- 6.4.2 Two-Phase Flow and Foaming -- 6.4.3 Passive or Active Systems -- 6.4.4 Technology Status and Reliability -- 6.4.5 Discharging to a Common Collection System -- 6.4.6 Plant Geography -- 6.4.7 Space Availability -- 6.4.8 Turndown -- 6.4.9 Vapor-Liquid Separation -- 6.4.10 Possible Condensation and Vapor-Condensate Hammer -- 6.4.11 Time Availability -- 6.4.12 Capital and Continuing Costs -- 6.5 Methods of Effluent Handling -- 6.5.1 Containment -- 6.5.2 Direct Discharge to Atmosphere -- 6.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Separators -- 6.5.4 Quench Tanks -- 6.5.5 Scrubbers (Absorbers) -- 6.5.6 Flares -- 7 Design Methods for Handling Effluent from Emergency Relief Systems -- 7.1 Design Basis Selection -- 7.2 Total Containment Systems -- 7.2.1 Containment in Original Vessel -- 7.2.2 Containment in External Vessel (Dump Tank or Catch Tank) -- 7.3 Relief Devices, Discharge Piping, and Collection Headers -- 7.3.1 Corrosion -- 7.3.2 Brittle Metal Fracture -- 7.3.3 Deposition -- 7.3.4 Vibration -- 7.3.5 Cleaning -- 7.4 Vapor-Liquid Gravity Separators -- 7.4.1 Separator Inlet Velocity Considerations -- 7.4.2 Horizontal Gravity Separators -- 7.4.3 Vertical Gravity Separators -- 7.4.4 Separator Safety Considerations and Features -- 7.4.5 Separator Vessel Design and Instrumentation.
7.5 Cyclone Separators -- 7.5.1 Droplet Removal Efficiency -- 7.5.2 Design Procedure -- 7.5.3 Cyclone Separator Sizing Procedure -- 7.5.4 Alternate Cyclone Separator Design Procedure -- 7.5.5 Cyclone Reaction Force -- 7.6 Quench Pools -- 7.6.1 Design Procedure Overview -- 7.6.2 Design Parameter Interrelations -- 7.6.3 Quench Pool Liquid Selection -- 7.6.4 Quench Tank Operating Pressure -- 7.6.5 Quench Pool Heat Balance -- 7.6.6 Quench Pool Dimensions -- 7.6.7 Sparger Design -- 7.6.8 Handling Effluent from Multiple Relief Devices -- 7.6.9 Reverse Flow Problems -- 7.6.10 Vapor-Condensate Hammer -- 7.6.11 Mechanical Design Loads -- 7.6.12 Worked Example Index for Discharge Handling System Design -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Nomenclature -- Appendix A: SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite -- Description and Instructions -- A.1 Scope -- A.2 Software Functions -- A.2.1 Source Term Flow Calculation -- A.2.2 Emergency Relief Requirement Calculations -- A.2.3 Physical Properties -- A.2.4 Piping Isometrics -- A.2.5 Specifying Vessel Designs -- A.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ -- Appendix B: CCFlow, TPHEM and COMFLOW Description and Instructions -- B.1 Scope -- B.1.1 Uncertainties -- B.2 CCFlow Calculation Options -- B.2.1 Opening and Running CCFlow -- B.2.2 File Operations -- B.2.3 Help Files -- B.2.4 Other Operations -- B.2.5 CCFlow Input Menu Errata -- B.3 TPHEM Calculation Options -- B.3.1 Running TPHEM with File Input -- B.4 COMFLOW Calculation Options -- B.4.1 Running COMFLOW -- Appendix C: SuperChems™ for DIERS -- Description and Instructions -- C.1 Scope -- C.2 Software Functions -- C.2.1 Main Menu Tabs -- C.2.2 Define Tab -- C.2.3 Dynamic Flow Simulation -- C.2.4 Steady-State Flow Calculations -- C.2.5 Properties Tab -- C.2.6 VLE Tab -- C.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ -- Appendix D: Venting Requirements.
D.1 Worked Examples -- Emergency Venting.
Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Plný text je dostupný pouze z IP adres počítačů Univerzity Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně nebo vzdáleným přístupem pro zaměstnance a studenty
Includes bibliographical references and index.
New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017]