Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1, Fundamentals. /

• Other Authors: Jennings, J. Amber (Editor), Bumgardner, Joel D. (Editor)
• Format: Electronic eBook
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam : Woodhead Publishing, [2017]
• Series: Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials ; no. 122.
• Subjects: Chitosan > Biotechnology.; Tissue engineering.; Chitosan > Therapeutic use.; elektronické knihy; electronic books
• ISBN: 9780081002575; 0081002572; 9780081002308; 0081002300
• Physical Description: 1 online resource

Chitosan Based Biomaterials: Fundamentals, Volume 1, provides the latest information on chitosan, a natural polymer derived from the marine material chitin. Chitosan displays unique properties, most notably biocompatibility and biodegradability. It can also be easily tuned to modify its structure or...

Table of Contents:

• Front Cover
• Chitosan Based Biomaterials, Volume 1
• Related titles
• Chitosan Based Biomaterials: Volume 1: Fundamentals
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of contributors
• Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials
• One
• Fundamentals of chitosan for biomedical applications
• 1
• Fundamentals of chitosan for biomedical applications
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.1.1 Production/processing of chitin and chitosan
• 1.2 Chemical and biological properties of chitosans
• 1.2.1 Chemical properties
• 1.2.2 Biological properties
• 1.3 Modification of chitosans
• 1.3.1 Chemical modifications of chitosan
• 1.3.1.1 Blending or chemical linkages of chitosan with synthetic biopolymers
• 1.3.1.2 Chemical grafting of chitosan
• 1.3.1.3 Enzymatic grafting of chitosan
• 1.4 Some chitosan derivatives
• 1.4.1 O- and N-carboxymethylchitosan
• 1.4.2 Quaternized chitosan
• 1.4.3 Sugar-modified chitosan
• 1.4.4 Alkyl chitosans
• 1.4.5 Carbohydrate-branched chitosan
• 1.4.6 Polyethylene-grafted chitosans
• 1.4.7 Cyclodextrin-linked chitosans
• 1.5 Biomedical applications of chitosan and chitosan derivatives
• 1.5.1 Chitosan and its derivatives in drug delivery applications
• 1.5.2 Chitosan and its derivatives in tissue engineering applications
• 1.5.3 Chitosan and its derivatives in enzyme immobilizations for biosensing
• 1.6 Conclusion and perspectives
• References
• 2
• Antibacterial properties of chitosan
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Antibacterial activity
• 2.2.1 Antibacterial mechanisms of chitosan
• 2.3 Chitosan derivatives and their bactericidal activity
• 2.3.1 Graft polymerization of chitosan
• 2.3.2 Quarternization of chitosan
• 2.3.3 Carboxylated chitosan derivatives
• 2.3.4 Chitosan derivatives with sulfonyl groups
• 2.3.5 Chitosan hydrogels
• 2.3.6 Chitosan films
• 2.3.7 Chitosan nanoparticles
• 2.4 Concluding remarks.
• 5.3 Methods for determination of degree of deacetylation
• 5.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
• 5.3.2 1H-NMR spectroscopy
• 5.3.3 UV spectrophotometric analysis
• 5.3.4 Potentiometric titration
• 5.3.5 Acid-base titration
• 5.3.5.1 Experimental procedure
• 5.3.6 Elemental analysis
• 5.3.7 Capillary zone electrophoresis method
• 5.3.8 Raman spectroscopy
• 5.4 Conclusions
• Acknowledgment
• References
• 6
• Modifying the molecular weight of chitosan
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Merits of chitosan molecular weight modification
• 6.3 Methods of degradation of the molecular weight of chitosan
• 6.4 Mechanical degradation methods for modifying molecular weight
• 6.4.1 Shearing method
• 6.4.2 Ultrasonication method
• 6.4.3 Microfluidization method
• 6.5 Factors affecting degradation rate
• 6.5.1 Solution concentration
• 6.5.2 Reaction temperature
• 6.5.3 Type of solvent
• 6.5.4 Reaction time
• 6.5.5 Effect of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan used on degradation rate
• 6.6 Methods for increasing degradation rate
• 6.6.1 Use of concurrent ultrafiltration treatment
• 6.6.2 Use of the highest concentration solution
• 6.6.3 Two-stage microfluidization combined with ultrafiltration treatment
• 6.6.4 Combining shearing/ultrafiltration treatment at 50°C and ultrasonic or microfluidization/ultrafiltration treatment at 30°C...
• 6.7 Fractionation
• 6.7.1 Regeneration (precipitation)
• 6.7.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide
• 6.8 Summary
• References
• 7
• Controlling chitosan degradation properties in vitro and in vivo
• 7.1 Background
• 7.2 Host response to degradable chitosan biomaterials
• 7.2.1 Hydrolysis (nonenzymatic)
• 7.2.2 Enzymatic degradation
• 7.2.3 Oxidative degradation
• 7.3 Effects of chitosan properties on degradation
• 7.3.1 Size and shape of implant
• 7.3.2 Degree of deacetylation.
• 7.3.3 Molecular weight
• 7.3.4 Weight percent and blends
• 7.3.5 Neutralization and cross-linking
• 7.4 Processing methods to reduce molecular weight
• 7.4.1 Enzymatic
• 7.4.2 Oxidative
• 7.4.3 High energy
• 7.4.4 Composites and postfabrication treatments
• 7.5 Experimental methods section
• 7.5.1 Enzymatic degradation
• 7.5.2 Oxidative degradation
• 7.5.3 Determination of molecular weight of polymer chains after degradation
• 7.5.4 Measuring degradation rate in vivo
• 7.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgment
• References
• Three
• Production techniques for chitosan-based biomaterials
• 8
• Production of micro- and nanoscale chitosan particles for biomedical applications
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Chitosan micro- and nanoparticle preparation methods
• 8.2.1 Emulsification and covalent cross-linking
• 8.2.2 Emulsification and ionic cross-linking
• 8.2.3 Emulsification and solvent evaporation
• 8.2.4 Emulsion-droplet coalescence
• 8.2.5 Ionic gelation
• 8.2.6 Polyelectrolyte complexes
• 8.2.7 Precipitation method
• 8.2.8 Spray drying method
• 8.2.9 Electrospray ionization
• 8.2.10 Chemical modification
• 8.3 Conclusions
• Acknowledgment
• References
• 9
• Production of electrospun chitosan for biomedical applications
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Challenges and success in electrospinning of chitosan
• 9.2.1 Electrospinning working principle
• 9.2.2 Solution and rheological properties of chitosan
• 9.2.3 Electrospinning of pure chitosan
• 9.2.4 Electrospinning of chitosan with other polymers
• 9.2.5 Selection of solvents
• 9.2.6 Selection of chitosan salts
• 9.3 Production of electrospun nanofiber from chitin to chitosan
• 9.4 Fiber collections: random and aligned fibers
• 9.5 Physical-chemical properties of nanofibers
• 9.5.1 Strength of nanofibers
• 9.5.2 Cross-linking techniques
• 9.5.3 Microbial characteristics.
• 9.6 Biomedical application of chitosan fibers
• 9.6.1 Tissue engineering
• 9.6.2 Drug delivery
• 9.6.3 Wound dressing
• 9.6.4 Implant coatings
• 9.7 Fabrication method
• 9.7.1 Materials
• 9.7.1.1 Polymers and solvent
• 9.7.1.2 Fabrication
• 9.7.2 Methods
• 9.7.2.1 Solution preparation of PCL and chitosan
• 9.7.2.2 Preparation of 80/20 (PCL/LMW-CS) solutions
• 9.7.2.3 Electrospinning of polyblended PCL/LMW-CS solutions
• 9.8 Conclusion
• References
• 10
• Lyophilized chitosan sponges
• 10.1 Background
• 10.2 Drug delivery
• 10.3 Tissue engineering
• 10.4 Basics of lyophilization
• 10.5 Experimental methods section
• 10.5.1 Fabricating lyophilized sponges
• 10.5.1.1 Chitosan solution preparation
• 10.5.1.2 Lyophilization
• 10.5.1.3 Optional neutralization and secondary lyophilization
• 10.5.1.4 Post-processing steps
• 10.6 Conclusions
• References
• 11
• Production of chitosan coatings on metal and ceramic biomaterials
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Important chitosan properties for the generation of surface coatings
• 11.3 Methods to improve chitosan coating adhesion
• 11.3.1 Surface functionalization of substrates by silane-based treatment
• 11.3.2 Conversion coatings
• 11.3.3 Dielectric barrier discharge plasma
• 11.4 Methods of chitosan coatings on metals
• 11.4.1 Passive coating methods
• 11.4.1.1 Freeze-drying
• 11.4.1.2 Impregnation
• 11.4.1.3 Spread casting
• 11.4.1.4 Drop casting
• 11.4.1.5 Spin coating
• 11.4.1.6 Electrospinning
• Reagents
• Materials and equipment
• Solution preparation
• Electrospinning procedure
• 11.4.1.7 Electrospray deposition
• 11.4.2 Electrostatic methods
• 11.4.2.1 Layer-by-layer
• Reactants
• Concentrations of solutions needed to assemble polysaccharide layers
• Procedure
• 11.4.2.2 Electrolytic deposition
• 11.4.2.3 Electrophoretic deposition.