LNG fire protection and emergency response : a collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them.

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author Institution of Chemical Engineers (Great Britain)
Format Electronic eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Rugby : Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2007.
Edition2nd ed.
SeriesBP fire safety series.
BP process safety series.
Subjects
Liquefied natural gas > Safety measures.
Fire prevention.
Emergency management.
elektronické knihy
electronic books
Online AccessFull text
ISBN9781615835010
1615835016
9780852955154
0852955154
Physical Description1 online resource (vi, 145 pages) : illustrations.

Cover

Table of Contents:
  • Machine derived contents note: 1. Introduction to LNG 1
  • 1.1 Brief history of LNG 1
  • 1.2 Basic LNG production and customer flow 1
  • 1.3 LNG import terminal facilities 2
  • 2. LNG properties 3
  • 2.1 LNG composition 3
  • 2.2 Cryogenics 3
  • 2.3 Embrittlement 4
  • 2.4 Heat of vaporization and 'cold burns' 4
  • 2.5 Density and specific gravity 5
  • 2.6 Boiling point and vapour pressure 5
  • 2.7 Changing composition/weathering 6
  • 2.8 LNG flammability limits 7
  • 2.9 Auto ignition temperature and ignition energy 8
  • 3. LNG hazards 9
  • 3.1 Vapour clouds and vapour dispersion 9
  • 3.2 Vapour cloud visibility 9
  • 3.3 Effects of heavy rainfall on LNG 10
  • 3.4 Flash fires 11
  • 3.5 Radiant heat hazards 12
  • 3.6 Explosion hazards 13
  • 3.7 Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion 14
  • 3.8 Rapid phase transformation (RPT) 15
  • 3.9 Tests and experiments RPT's 19
  • 3.10 Rollover 19
  • 3.11 Geysering 20
  • 3.12 Personnel LNG and cryogenic hazards 21
  • 4. Tanks, containment and spill control 23
  • 4.1 Tanks 23
  • 4.2 Aboveground tanks 23
  • 4.3 LNG tank types 23
  • 4.4 Tank instrumentation and alarms 26
  • 4.5 Internal pumps 27
  • 4.6 Power supply to pumps 27
  • 4.7 Leakages into annular space/roof space 27
  • 4.8 Underground storage tank 27
  • 4.9 Insulation 28
  • 4.10 LNG vaporizer units 30
  • 4.11 Open Rack Vaporizer (ORV) 30
  • 4.12 Submerged Combustion Vaporizer (SCV) 30
  • 4.13 Spill control-impoundment/containment 31
  • 4.14 Spill control objectives 32
  • 4.15 Materials 35
  • 4.16 LNG plant basic safety measures 38
  • 4.17 Potential leaks and spills 39
  • 4.18 Potential releases-cryogenic issues 41
  • 4.19 Tankage and thermal radiation 42
  • 5. Jetties and marine facilities 44
  • 5.1 Jetties 44
  • 5.2 Marine LNG tankers 47
  • 5.3 LNG carrier cargo tanks 47
  • 5.4 Cargo tank pressure control 48
  • 5.5 Pressure, temperature and gas monitoring 49
  • 5.6 Gas dangerous zones 49
  • 5.7 Emergency shutdown systems 50
  • 5.8 Hard-arms and Power Emergency Release Couplers (PERC) 52
  • 5.9 Firefighting systems 53
  • 5.10 Manifold and valves area 54
  • 5.11 Atmosphere control 55
  • 5.12 Cargo transfer 55
  • 5.13 Pre-arrival checks 56
  • 6. Passive fire protection 57
  • 6.1 PFP capabilities 57
  • 6.2 PFP ratings 58
  • 6.3 Cryogenic and fire testing of PFP 59
  • 6.4 Typical applications of passive fire protection 61
  • 6.5 Design considerations-all types of PFP 61
  • 6.6 Intumescent materials 62
  • 6.7 Cementitious materials 62
  • 6.8 Ceramic and mineral wool fibres 63
  • 6.9 Foamglass blocks for radiant heat reduction 64
  • 7. LNG, gas and fire detection 66
  • 7.1 Cryogenics liquid detection 66
  • 7.2 Gas detection 66
  • 7.3 Fire detection 70
  • 7.4 Recent incident experience 72
  • 7.5 Heat detection 72
  • 7.6 Flame detection 72
  • 8. Spill and fire control measures 76
  • 8.1 Foam for LNG vaporization reduction 76
  • 8.2 LNG vapour reduction 82
  • 8.3 LNG fire control and radiation reduction 84
  • 8.4 Extinguishment of LNG fires 86
  • 9. Emergency response plans 94
  • 9.1 Scenario-specific emergency response plans 94
  • 10. Personal protective equipment (PPE) 98
  • 10.1 Plant operators 98
  • 10.2 Breathing apparatus 98
  • 10.3 Responder personal protective equipment (PPE) 99
  • 11. Codes and standards 101
  • 11.1 Construction and operation of LNG facilities 101
  • 11.2 Fire protection codes and standards 103
  • 12. References 104
  • Acronyms and abbreviations 106
  • Appendices:
  • A. Gas detection test work analysis 108
  • B. Foam system design considerations 111
  • C. Historical foam application data 115
  • D. LNG incidents 121
  • D .1 The C leveland fire 121
  • D.2 Staten Island, New York, February 1973 124
  • D.3 Cove Point, Maryland, October 1979 124
  • D.4 LNG incidents historical table 125
  • E. LNG road tanker incidents 128
  • E.1 Nevada, USA 128
  • E.2 Catalonia, Spain 129
  • E.3 W ales, UK 132
  • F. LNG ship pre-arrival checks 133
  • G. LNG ship/shore safety checklist 137
  • H. Repeat checks during cargo operations 144.

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