Automotive safety handbook

• Main Author: Seiffert, Ulrich, 1941-
• Other Authors: Wech, Lothar
• Format: Electronic eBook
• Language: English
• Published: Warrendale, Pa. : SAE International, ©2007.
• Edition: 2nd ed.
• Subjects: Automobiles > Safety appliances > Handbooks, manuals, etc.; Automobiles > Testing > Handbooks, manuals, etc.; elektronické knihy; electronic books
• ISBN: 9780768033540; 0768033543; 9780768017984; 076801798X
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (xii, 293 pages) : illustrations

Table of Contents:

• Machine derived contents note: Table of Contents
• 1. Introduction 1
• 1.1 Reference 1
• 2. De?nitions 3
• 2.1 References 6
• 3. Driving Forces for Increased Vehicle Safety 7
• 3.1 References 9
• 4. Safety Legislation 11
• 4.1 Reference 16
• 5. Accident Data 17
• 5.1 References 23
• 6. Accident Avoidance 25
• 6.1 Human Factors 25
• 6.2 Comfort and Ergonomics 29
• 6.3 Acceleration and Braking 43
• 6.3.1 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) 47
• 6.3.2 Brakes 48
• 6.3.3 Brake-by-Wire 52
• 6.3.4 Vehicle Dynamics 56
• 6.4 Information Systems 63
• 6.5 References 66
• 7. Biomechanics and Occupant Simulation 71
• 7.1 De? nition 71
• 7.2 Injury Tolerance Limits 73
• 7.3 External Injuries 74
• 7.4 Internal Injuries 76
• 7.4.1 Concussion 76
• 7.4.2 Spinal Injuries 79
• 7.4.3 Chest Injuries 80
• 7.5 Criteria in the Rule-Making Process 82
• 7.5.1 Head Protection 82
• 7.5.2 Chest Protection 83
• 7.5.3 Neck Injury 84
• 7.5.4 Performance Criteria for the Rule-Making Process 86
• 7.5.4.1 Chest 86
• 7.5.4.2 Pelvic 87
• 7.5.4.3 Leg and Knee 87
• 7.5.4.4 Pedestrian Protection 89
• 7.6 Test Devices 89
• 7.6.1 Body Part Test Devices 91
• 7.6.1.1 Head Impact 91
• 7.6.1.2 Torso Impact 91
• 7.6.1.3 Pedestrian Accident Simulation Tests 94
• 7.6.2 Three-Dimensional Dummies 94
• 7.6.2.1 Frontal/Rear Collision and Rollover 97
• 7.6.2.2 Lateral Impact 97
• 7.6.2.3 Child Dummies 99
• 7.6.2.4 Rear Impact Dummy (Bio-RID) 100
• 7.6.2.5 Bio? delity Dummy 102
• 7.6.3 Human and Dummy Modeling 102
• 7.7 References 106
• 8. Vehicle Body 109
• 8.1 General 109
• 8.2 Low-Speed Impact 117
• 8.3 Vehicle Body Test Without the Simulation of Car Occupants
• 119
• 8.3.1 Quasi-Static Test Requirement 119
• 8.3.1.1 Seat and Seat-Belt Anchorage Point Tests 119
• 8.3.1.2 Roof Strength 121
• 8.3.1.3 Vehicle Side Structure 122
• 8.4 References 125
• 9. Dynamic Vehicle Simulation Tests 127
• 9.1 Frontal Collisions 127
• 9.1.1 Pole Test 132
• 9.1.2 Frontal Car-to-Car Crash 133
• 9.1.3 Design Requirements of Frontal Collisions 136
• 9.2 Lateral Collisions 138
• 9.3 Rear-End Collisions 145
• 9.4 Rollover 145
• 9.5 References 149
• 10. Occupant Protection 151
• 10.1 Vehicle Compartment 151
• 10.2 Restraint Systems 151
• 10.2.1 Seat Belts 152
• 10.2.2 Airbags 160
• 10.2.2.1 Airbags for Frontal Impacts 160
• 10.2.2.2 Side Protection by Airbags 169
• 10.2.2.3 Additional Airbag Applications 170
• 10.2.2.4 Sensors for Restraint Systems 172
• 10.3 Child Restraints 179
• 10.4 References 182
• 11. Interrelationships Among Occupant, Restraint System, and
• Vehicle in Accidents 187
• 11.1 Frontal Impacts 187
• 11.1.1 The Unrestrained Occupant 187
• 11.1.2 The Three-Point Belt 189
• 11.1.2.1 The Seat-Belt Clamping Device Above the Retractor
• 192
• 11.1.2.2 The Mechanical Pretensioner 192
• 11.1.2.3 The Pyrotechnic Pretensioner 192
• 11.1.2.4 The Seat-Belt Load Limiter 194
• 11.1.3 Passive Restraints 196
• 11.1.4 The Airbag System 198
• 11.1.5 Comparison of Test Results for Different Restraint
• Systems 200
• 11.2 Lateral Collisions 200
• 11.2.1 Theoretical Analysis for Lateral Collisions 202
• 11.2.2 Side Airbag Systems 206
• 11.2.2.1 Thorax Side Airbags 206
• 11.2.2.2 Side Head Protection Airbags 210
• 11.3 Rear-End Collisions 212
• 11.4 Rollover Protection 216
• 11.5 Special Requirements and Opportunities for
• Sensor Applications 218
• 11.6 General Literature 221
• 11.7 References 221
• 12. Pedestrian Protection 225
• 12.1 General 225
• 12.2 European NCAP-Test 231
• 12.3 Legislation Activities 231
• 12.4 Technical Solutions for Vehicles in Accidents 240
• 12.5 References 243
• 13. Compatibility 245
• 13.1 Theoretical Analysis 251
• 13.2 Research Analysis Proposals, Consumer Information,
• and Legal Requirements 256
• 13.3 Conclusions 262
• 13.4 References 263
• 14. Computer Support for the Development of Safety
• Components 267
• 14.1 The Basics 267
• 14.2 Description of the Numeric Tools 268
• 14.3 Calculation of Components 269
• 14.4 Total Vehicle Crash Computation 273
• 14.5 Occupant and Restraint System Simulation 275
• 14.6 Pedestrian Simulation Tests 278
• 14.7 Summary 278
• 14.8 References 278
• Index 281
• About the Authors xxx.