Technology of thermoforming

Covers thermoforming processes and products. The book moves from a relatively simple approach to more technical in-depth consideration, featuring examples and guidelines to illustrate all technical aspects.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author Throne, James L., 1937-
Format Electronic eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Munich ; New York : Cincinnati : Hanser Publishers ; Hanser/Gardner Publications, 1996.
Subjects
Thermoforming.
elektronické knihy
electronic books
Online AccessFull text
ISBN1591248671
9781591248675
9783446402478
3446402470
1569901988
9781569901984
Physical Description1 online resource (xvi, 882 pages) : illustrations

Cover

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008 051117s1996 gw a ob 001 0 eng d
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020 |a 1591248671  |q (electronic bk.) 
020 |a 9781591248675  |q (electronic bk.) 
020 |a 9783446402478  |q (electronic bk.) 
020 |a 3446402470  |q (electronic bk.) 
020 |a 1569901988 
020 |a 9781569901984 
035 |a (OCoLC)62296105  |z (OCoLC)469069846  |z (OCoLC)1058015954  |z (OCoLC)1096908504  |z (OCoLC)1097740822  |z (OCoLC)1108948204 
100 1 |a Throne, James L.,  |d 1937- 
245 1 0 |a Technology of thermoforming /  |c James L. Throne. 
260 |a Munich ;  |a New York :  |b Hanser Publishers ;  |a Cincinnati :  |b Hanser/Gardner Publications,  |c 1996. 
300 |a 1 online resource (xvi, 882 pages) :  |b illustrations 
336 |a text  |b txt  |2 rdacontent 
337 |a computer  |b c  |2 rdamedia 
338 |a online resource  |b cr  |2 rdacarrier 
504 |a Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 
505 0 |a Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Thermoforming-Definitions,History,Methods and Equipment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Markets -- 1.4 Some Definitions -- Gage -- Clamping of Thin-Gage Sheet -- Clamping of Heavy-Gage Sheet -- Heating of Thin-Gage Sheet -- Heating Heavy-Gage Sheet -- Shaping Thin-Gage Sheet -- Shaping Heavy-Gage Sheet -- Trimming the Thin-Gage Sheet -- Trimming the Heavy-Gage Sheet -- Depth-of-Draw -- 1.5 Methods of Forming -- One-Step Forming -- Two-Step Forming with Prestretching -- Multi-Step Forming -- Other Variations -- 1.6 Thermoforming Machinery -- Heating Source -- Forming Platform -- Vacuum System -- Pressure System -- Process Control -- Trimming and Cut Parts Handling -- 1.7 Heavy-Gage Thermoforming Machinery Specifics -- 1.8 Thin-Gage Thermoforming Machinery Specifics -- 1.9 References -- 2 Polymeric Materials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Network Nature of Polymers -- 2.3 Addition and Condensation Polymerization -- 2.4 Aromatic and Aliphatic Polymers -- 2.5 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution -- 2.6 Molecular Weight and Properties -- 2.7 Morphology and Properties -- 2.8 Molecular Orientation -- 2.9 Chain Mobility and Polymer Stiffness -- 2.10 Stress-Crack Resistance -- 2.11 Gas Permeation -- 2.12 Copolymerization -- 2.13 Blends -- 2.14 Adducts -- Plasticizers -- Other Additives -- Fillers and Reinforcing Fibers -- 2.15 Laminates -- 2.16 Stress-Strain Behavior of Plastics -- 2.17 Thermal Properties -- Heat Capacity -- Thermal Conductivity -- Thermal Diffusivity -- Thermal Expansion Coefficient -- 2.18 Infrared Spectra -- 2.19 Summary -- 2.20 References -- 3 Heating the Sheet -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Energy Absorption by Sheet -- 3.3 Heat Transfer Modes -- 3.4 Incorporating Formability and Time-Dependent Heating -- 3.5 Conduction -- 3.6 Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient -- The Biot Number. 
505 8 |a Effective Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient -- Constant Heat Flux -- 3.7 Radiation Heating -- Black Body Radiation -- Gray Body-Emissivity -- Radiant Heater Efficiency-Constant Heat Flux Application -- 3.8 Real Heaters-Efficiencies -- Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient -- Convection and the Heat Transfer Coefficient -- Rod Heaters -- 3.9 Long-Term Radiant Heater Efficiencies -- 3.10 Edge Losses-View Factor -- Local Energy Input -- Pattern Heating -- Zone, Zoned or Zonal Heating -- Heater to Sheet Distance -- 3.11 Thin-Gage Sheet-Approximate Heating Rates -- Constant Environmental Temperature Approximation -- Constant Heat Flux Approximation -- Thin-Gage Approximations-Comments -- 3.12 Heavy-Gage Sheet-Internal Temperature Control -- Constant Environmental Temperature -- The Constant Heat Flux Case -- The Thickness Effect -- Summary -- 3.13 Equilibration -- Convection Heating -- Constant Heat Flux -- Computed Equilibration Times -- The W-L-F Equation -- The Arrhenius Equation -- Relating Shift Factors to Sheet Thickness -- 3.14 Infrared-Transparent Polymers -- 3.15 Computer-Aided Prediction of Sheet Temperature -- The Radiant Boundary Condition -- 3.16 Guidelines for Determining Heating Cycles -- The Biot Number -- Thin-Gage Guidelines -- Heavy-Gage Guidelines -- Intermediate-Gage Guidelines -- 3.17 References -- 4 Stretching the Sheet -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Stretching Concept -- 4.3 Polymer Hot Strength -- Standard Tensile Tests -- Hot Tensile Tests -- Hot Creep Tests -- Other Stretching Tests -- Temperature-Dependent Viscosity for Amorphous Polymers -- Dynamic Mechanical Testing -- 4.4 Stress-Strain-Rate of Strain-Theory -- Elasticity-A Rationalization -- Strain Energy Function -- The Rivlin Form for the Strain Energy Function -- The Ogden Form for the Strain Energy Function -- Viscoelastic Models -- 4.5 Available Stress-Strain Data. 
505 8 |a Sensitivity of Models -- 4.6 The Importance of Polymer Material Properties -- 4.7 Practical Aspects of Stretching -- Funnel Test -- 4.8 Bursting Conditions -- 4.9 Sheet Sag -- Initial Sag -- Tensile Sag -- The Catenary Sag -- Parabolic Sag -- Relating Sag to Hot Sheet Strength -- Sag-A Comment -- 4.10 References -- Appendix 4.1 Biaxial Stretching of an Elastic Membrane -- 5 Cooling and Trimming the Part -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overall Cooling Heat Balance -- 5.3 Cooling the Formed Shape -- 5.4 Steady State Heat Balance -- Interfacial Resistance -- Shape Factor -- Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 5.5 Cyclic Heat Balance -- Cooling the Free Surface of the Sheet -- Cooling Thin Sheet in Ambient Air -- Transient Heat Removal From the Sheet -- Quiescent Ambient Air -- Moving Ambient Air -- Cooling on Nonmetallic Molds -- 5.6 Transient Heat Transfer During Sheet Cooling on the Mold Surface-Computer Models -- Interfacial Air -- 5.7 Shrinkage -- Unconstrained Shrinkage -- Constrained Shrinkage -- 5.8 Trimming -- Trimming Heavy-Gage Parts -- Trimming Thin-Gage Parts -- 5.9 Mechanics of Cutting -- The Trim Region -- Registering the Trim Site -- The Nature of the Cut -- Fracture Mechanics -- Mechanical Chipping -- Multiple-Edged Tool or Toothed Saw Performance -- Abrasive Cut-Off Wheel -- Toothless or Shear and Compression Cutting -- Fracture Mechanics in Trimming -- Nibbling -- Brittleness, Orientation and Trim Temperature -- 5.10 Steel Rule Die -- Resharpening -- Tabbing and Notching -- 5.11 Punch and Die Trimming -- Forged and Machined Dies -- 5.12 Drilling -- 5.13 Other Cutting Techniques -- Thermal Cutting -- Water Jet Cutting -- 5.14 Trimming-A Summary -- 5.15 References -- 6 Thermoforming Molds -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Prototype Molds -- Wood -- Fiberboard -- Plaster -- Plastic -- White Metal -- Nickel -- 6.3 Production Molds -- Aluminum. 
505 8 |a Steel -- Other Metals -- 6.4 Mold Coolant Channels -- Mold Channel Flow -- Expansion -- Contraction -- Sharp-Edged Orifice -- 6.5 Vent Holes -- Sizing Vacuum Systems-Steady State -- Sizing Vacuum Systems-Dynamic -- Solenoid Valve Flow Resistance -- Vent Hole Resistance to Flow -- Vent Hole Diameter -- Other Types of Vents -- Vent Hole Placement -- 6.6 Surface Treatments -- Surface Texture -- 6.7 Plug Design Considerations -- Plug Materials -- Wood Plugs -- Plastic Plugs -- Metal Plugs -- Plug Design Concepts -- 6.8 Sheet Clamping -- 6.9 Sag Bands and Sheet Supports -- 6.10 Other Aspects of Mold Design -- Undercuts -- Encapsulation -- Moving Elements -- Stripper Plates/Bars -- Mold Releases -- Web Breakers, Catchers and Chasers -- Moats, Dams and Double Steps -- Chamfers and Radii -- Prestretching Restraints -- 6.11 Efficient Use of Sheet -- Heavy-Gage Sheet -- Thin-Gage Sheet -- 6.12 References -- 7 Parts Design -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Elements of Parts Design -- Material Testing and Its Relevance to Part Performance -- Philosophy of Parts Design -- Minimizing the Amount of Sheet to be Reground -- Rules for Part Layout on Heavy-Gage -- Rules for Multiple Part Layout on Thin-Gage -- Economics of Buying Sheet of Specific Size -- 7.3 Prototyping as a Justification for Thermoforming -- 7.4 Draw Ratio -- Linear Draw Ratio -- H:D -- Rim and Lip Sheet for Female Cavities -- Draw Ratio Usage-A Rationale -- Mechanical Assists-Some Design Features -- Preblowing or Inflation-Comments -- Plug Assist-Comments -- 7.5 Computer-Aided Design in Thermoforming -- 7.6 Wall Thickness Prediction-A Justification -- Geometric Element Analysis or GEA -- Finite Element Analysis -- General Comments on Plug Design -- Plug Assist Analysis -- Plug Design"Geometric Element Analysis -- Plug Design"Finite Element Analysis -- 7.7 Regrind. 
505 8 |a Material Property Deterioration on Regrind -- Property Value Loss-Experiment and Protocol -- Cascading 100% Regrind -- 7.8 General Guidelines for Part Design -- General Tips -- Process Tips -- Mold Tips -- Prestretch Tips -- Part Design Tips -- Rim and Edge Designs -- Design-A Comment -- 7.9 References -- Appendix 7.I Draw Ratios for Truncated Cone -- Appendix 7.II Mechanical Property Loss in Regrind -- 8 Producing Sheet and Film -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Forming Thin Films -- 8.3 Forming Sheet -- Single-Screw Extrusion -- Filtering the Polymer -- Flow Improvement Devices -- Pressure and Temperature in an Extruder -- Sheet Die Concepts -- Gage Thickness Monitoring and Control -- Twin-Screw Extrusion -- 8.4 Roll Stacks -- 8.5 Sheet Trimming -- 8.6 Take-OfT and Take-Up Rolls -- 8.7 Residence Time and Residence Time Distribution Through Extruder and Die -- 8.8 Drying -- 8.9 Producing Biaxially Oriented Sheet -- 8.10 Multilayer Sheet Formation -- Coextrusion -- Lamination -- 8.11 Sheet Quality and Quality Control -- Sheet Dimensions -- Orientation -- Sheet Squareness and Flatness -- Moisture -- Sheet Appearance -- Annoyance Factors -- Lamination -- 8.12 References -- 9 Newer Thermoforming Technologies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Thermoforming Crystallizing Polyethylene Terephthalate -- PET Crystallinity -- CPET Patents -- Characterizing Polyethylene Terephthalate -- The Effect of Temperature on Crystallization During Sheet Extrusion -- Cooling CPET on Chill Rolls -- Heating CPET in Roll-Fed Thermoformers -- Forming the CPET Sheet -- Cooling the CPET Formed Part -- Trimming Parts from Web -- Troubleshooting CPET Forming -- 9.3 Pressure Forming -- Thin Gage -- Heavy Gage -- 9.4 Forming Filled and Reinforced Polymers -- 9.5 Laminated Sheet Thermoforming -- Heating Multilayer Sheet -- Forming Multilayer Sheet -- 9.6 Twin-Sheet Thermoforming. 
506 |a Plný text je dostupný pouze z IP adres počítačů Univerzity Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně nebo vzdáleným přístupem pro zaměstnance a studenty 
520 |a Covers thermoforming processes and products. The book moves from a relatively simple approach to more technical in-depth consideration, featuring examples and guidelines to illustrate all technical aspects. 
590 |a Knovel  |b Knovel (All titles) 
650 0 |a Thermoforming. 
655 7 |a elektronické knihy  |7 fd186907  |2 czenas 
655 9 |a electronic books  |2 eczenas 
776 0 8 |i Print version:  |a Throne, James L., 1937-  |t Technology of thermoforming.  |d Munich ; New York : Hanser Publishers ; Cincinnati : Hanser/Gardner Publications, 1996  |z 1569901988  |w (DLC) 96024175  |w (OCoLC)34958700 
856 4 0 |u https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpTT000001/technology-of-thermoforming?kpromoter=marc  |y Full text 

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