http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Systems in Plants
The present edited book is an attempt to update the state of art of the knowledge on metabolism of ROS and antioxidants and their relationship in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses involving physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. The chapters are much focused on the current climate issues and how ROS metabolism can manipulate with antioxidant system to accelerate detoxification mechanism. It will enhance the mechanistic understanding on ROS and antioxidants system and will pave the path for agricultural scientists in developing tolerant crops to achieve sustainability under the changing environmental conditions. The increase in abiotic stress factors has become a major threat to sustainability of crop production. This situation has led to think ways which can help to come out with potential measures; for which it is necessary to understand the influence of abiotic stress factors on crops performance and the mechanisms by which these factors impact plants. It has now become evident that abiotic stress impacts negatively on plant growth and development at every stage of plant's life. Plants adapt to the changing environment with the adjustment at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The possible mechanisms involved in the negative effects of abiotic stress factors are excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). They alter physiological and molecular mechanisms leading to poor performance of plants. Plants however, are able to cope with these adverse effects by inducing antioxidant systems as the priority. Nevertheless, the dual role of ROS has now been ascertained which provides an evidence for regulation of plant metabolism positively on a concentration-dependent manner. Under conditions of high ROS production, the antioxidant system plays a major role in diminishing the effects of ROS. Thus, ROS production and antioxidant system are interwoven with abiotic stress conditions. The antioxidants have the capacity to hold the stability in metabolism in order to avoid disruption due to environmental disturbances.
Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: An Introduction to Antioxidants and Their Roles in Plant Stress Tolerance: ; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Antioxidant Defence Mechanism; 1.1.2 Types of Antioxidants; 1.1.2.1 Primary or Natural Antioxidants; 1.1.2.2 Secondary or Synthetic Antioxidants; 1.2 Natural Antioxidants; 1.2.1 Antioxidant Enzymes; 1.2.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase; 1.2.1.2 Catalase; 1.2.1.3 Peroxidases; Guaiacol Peroxidase; Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX); 1.3 Halliwell-Asada Cycle; 1.3.1 Glutathione Reductase; 1.3.2 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR); 1.3.3 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR).
2.3 ROS Generation Sites in Plant Cells2.3.1 Chloroplast; 2.3.2 Mitochondria; 2.3.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum; 2.3.4 Peroxisomes; 2.3.5 Apoplast; 2.3.6 Plasma Membranes; 2.3.7 Cell Wall; 2.4 Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules; 2.4.1 Lipids; 2.4.2 Proteins; 2.4.3 DNA; 2.5 Antioxidative Defence System in Plants; 2.5.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants; 2.5.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD); 2.5.1.2 Catalase (CAT); 2.5.1.3 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX); 2.5.1.4 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR); 2.5.1.5 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR); 2.5.1.6 Glutathione Reductase (GR); 2.5.1.7 Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPX).
2.5.2 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants2.5.2.1 Ascorbic Acid (AA); 2.5.2.2 Reduced Glutathione (GSH); 2.5.2.3 Tocopherols; 2.5.2.4 Carotenoids; 2.5.2.5 Proline; 2.5.2.6 Flavonoids; 2.6 Detoxification by Antioxidative Machinery Under Stressful Environments; 2.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects; References; 3: Biotechnological Perspective of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Stress Tolerance in Plants; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Antioxidants Involved in Scavenging Pathways by Regulating Molecular and Physiological Approaches; 3.2.1 Enzymatic ROS; 3.2.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD).
3.2.1.2 Ascorbate Peroxidise (APX)3.2.1.3 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR); 3.2.1.4 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR); 3.2.1.5 Glutathione Reductase (GR); 3.2.2 Non-enzymatic ROS Scavengers; 3.2.2.1 Ascorbate; 3.2.2.2 Glutathione; 3.3 ROS Generation Sites in a Plant Cell; 3.3.1 Chloroplast; 3.3.2 Mitochondria; 3.3.3 Peroxisome; 3.3.4 Plasma Membrane; 3.3.5 Cell Wall; 3.3.6 Apoplast; 3.3.7 Endoplasmic Reticulum; 3.4 ROS Chemistry and Effect Under Abiotic Stress; 3.4.1 Singlet Oxygen (1O2); 3.4.2 Superoxide Radical (O2- ); 3.4.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2).
3.5 Approaches for Overcoming the Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Plants.
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Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Systems in Plants: Role and Regulation under Abiotic Stress